Characterization of non-singular hyperplanes of H(s, q^2) in PG(s, q^2)
Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a non-degenerate Hermitian variety in the finite projective space $\mathsf{PG}(d,q^2)$, with $d\geq 3$. There are two kinds of hyperplanes of $\mathsf{PG}(d,q^2)$ with respect to $\mathcal{H}$: Those that are tangent at some point (called \textit{tangent hyperplanes}), and those that intersect $\mathcal{H}$ in a non-degenerate Hermitian variety (called \textit{non-degenerate hyperplanes}). In the paper under review, the authors characterise the set of all non-degenerate hyperplanes by intersection properties. However, one can dualise and take the complement of their result and then one obtains a rather strong characterisation of $\mathcal{H}$ itself. Let us formulate this characterisation.\N\NLet $k_1$ and $k_2$ denote the possible sizes of the intersection of $\mathcal{H}$ with any hyperplane. Then a point set $S$ of $\mathsf{PG}(d,q^2)$, $q>2$, is isomorphic to $\mathcal{H}$ if, and only if, the following two conditions are satisfied: (1) each hyperplane intersects $S$ in either $k_1$ or $k_2$ points; (2) each line of $\mathsf{PG}(d,q^2)$ that is not fully contained in $S$ intersects $S$ in a set of points the size of which lies between $1$ and $q+1$ (including $1$ and $q+1$)\N\NThis characterisation combines, extends and improves two well-known approaches to characterise Hermitian varieties. One is via the intersection numbers $k_1$ and $k_2$ with hyperplanes above. This gives rise to the notion of \textit{pseudo-Hermitian variety}, which is a point set having the same intersection numbers with respect to hyperplanes as $\mathcal{H}$, but which also has the same number of points as $\mathcal{H}$ (which is not required in (1) above!). The other one is due to \textit{J. W. P. Hirschfeld} and \textit{J. A. Thas} [General Galois geometries. 2nd edition. London: Springer (2016; Zbl 1358.51002)] classifying point sets for which lines intersect in $1$, $k$ or $q^2+1$ points, for some $k\in\{0,1,\ldots,q^2+1\}$ (here more examples turn up). Thus, the authors combine the two kinds of assumptions and prove that only Hermitian varieties satisfy them. This is really beautiful work.
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