The B. and M. Shapiro conjecture in real algebraic geometry and the Bethe ansatz

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Abstract: We prove the B. and M. Shapiro conjecture that says that if the Wronskian of a set of polynomials has real roots only, then the complex span of this set of polynomials has a basis consisting of polynomials with real coefficients. This in particular implies the following result: If all ramification points of a parametrized rational curve f:CP1oCPr lie on a circle in the Riemann sphere CP1, then f maps this circle into a suitable real subspace RPrsubsetCPr. The proof is based on the Bethe ansatz method in the Gaudin model. The key observation is that a symmetric linear operator on a Euclidean space has a real spectrum. In Appendix we discuss properties of differential operators associated with Bethe vectors in the Gaudin model and, in particular, prove a conditional statement: we deduce the transversality of certain Schubert cycles in a Grassmannian from the simplicity of the spectrum of the Gaudin Hamiltonians.



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