Locally semisimple and maximal subalgebras of the finitary Lie algebras gl(), sl(), so(), and sp()

DOI10.1016/J.JALGEBRA.2009.06.011MaRDI QIDQ734763zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Ivan Dimitrov, Ivan Penkov

Publication date 13 October 2009

Published in Journal of Algebra (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.2536

zbMATH Keywords

finitary Lie algebra locally semisimple subalgebra maximal subalgebra

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Simple, semisimple, reductive (super)algebras (17B20) Infinite-dimensional Lie (super)algebras (17B65)

Abstract: We describe all locally semisimple subalgebras and all maximal subalgebras of the finitary Lie algebras

g l (i n f t y), s l (i n f t y), s o (i n f t y)

, and

s p (i n f t y)

. For simple finite--dimensional Lie algebras these classes of subalgebras have been described in the classical works of A. Malcev and E. Dynkin. Key words (2000 MSC): 17B05 and 17B65.

Review text

From the introduction: The simple infinite-dimensional finitary Lie algebras have been classified by A. Baranov a decade ago, and since then the study of these Lie algebras \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\), as well of the finitary Lie algebra \(\text{gl}(\infty)\), has been underway. So far some notable results on the structure of the subalgebras of \(\text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\) concern irreducible, Cartan, and Borel subalgebras. The objective of the present paper is to describe the locally semisimple subalgebras of \(\text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\) (up to isomorphism, as well as in terms of their action on the natural and conatural modules) and the maximal subalgebras of \(\text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\). Our results extend classical results of \textit{A. I. Mal'cev} [Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 8, 143--174 (1944; Zbl 0061.04701); English translation Am. Math. Soc. Transl. 1950, No. 33, 43 p. (1950)] and \textit{E. B. Dynkin} [Tr. Mosk. Mat. Obshch. 1, 39--166 (1952; Zbl 0048.01601)], [Mat. Sb., N. Ser. 30(72), 349--462 (1952; Zbl 0048.01701)], to infinite-dimensional finitary Lie algebras and are related to some earlier results of A. Baranov, A. Baranov and H. Strade, and F. Leinen and O. Puglisi. A subalgebra \(\mathfrak s\) of \(\text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\) is locally semisimple if it is a union of semisimple finite-dimensional subalgebras. The class of locally semisimple subalgebras is the natural analogue of the class of semisimple subalgebras of simple finite-dimensional Lie algebras. In the absence of Weyl's semisimplicity results for locally finite infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, it is a priori not clear whether a locally semisimple subalgebra of \(\text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\) is itself a direct sum of simple constituents. Theorem 3.1 proves that this is true and, moreover, that each simple constituent of a locally semisimple subalgebra of \(\text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\) is either finite-dimensional or is itself isomorphic to \(\text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\). The latter fact has been established earlier by A. Baranov. We then study the natural representation \(V\) of \(\mathfrak g = \text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\) as a module over any locally semisimple subalgebra \(\mathfrak s\) of \(\mathfrak g\) and show that (i) the socle filtration of \(V\) has depth at most 2; (ii) the non-trivial simple direct summands of \(V\) are just natural and conatural modules over infinite-dimensional simple ideals of \(\mathfrak s\), as well as finite-dimensional modules over finite-dimensional ideals of \(\mathfrak s\); (iii) each non-trivial simple constituent of \(V\) as module over a simple ideal of \(\mathfrak s\) occurs with finite multiplicity; (iv) the module \(V/V'\) is trivial. Similar results hold for the conatural \(\mathfrak g\)-module \(V_*\) for \(\mathfrak g = \text{gl}(\infty)\) and \(\text{sl}(\infty)\). We conclude the paper by a description of maximal proper subalgebras of \(\mathfrak g = \text{gl}(\infty)\), \(\text{sl}(\infty)\), \(\text{so}(\infty)\), and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\). The maximal subalgebras of \(\mathfrak g = \text{gl}(\infty)\) are \([\mathfrak g, \mathfrak g] \cong\text{sl}(\infty)\) and the stabilizers of subspaces of \(V\) or \(V^*\) as follows: \(W\subset V\) with \(W^{\perp\perp} = W\), or \(W\subset V\), \(\text{codim}_V W = 1\) and \(W^{\perp} = 0\), or \(\widetilde W\subset V_*\), \(\text{codim}_{V_*}\widetilde W= 1\) and \(\widetilde W^{\perp} = 0\). The maximal subalgebras of \(\text{sl}(\infty)\) are intersections of the maximal subalgebras of \(\mathfrak g = \text{gl}(\infty)\) with \(\text{sl}(\infty) = [\mathfrak g, \mathfrak g]\). For \(\mathfrak g = \text{so}(\infty)\) and \(\text{sp}(\infty)\) any maximal subalgebra is the stabilizer in \(\mathfrak g\) of an isotropic subspace \(W\subset V\) with \(W^{\perp\perp} = W\), or of a non-degenerate subspace \(W\subset V\) with \(W \oplus W ^{\perp}=V\) (where for \(\text{so}(\infty)\), \(\dim W \neq 2\) and \(\dim W^{\perp}\neq 2\)), or of a nondegenerate subspace \(W\subset V\) of codimension 1 such that \(W^{\perp} = 0\).

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