Zeros of Faber polynomials for Joukowski airfoils

DOI10.1007/S00365-019-09482-1MaRDI QIDQ784749zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Publication date 3 August 2020

Published in Constructive Approximation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.10439

asymptotics of zeros Chebyshev quadrature electrostatic skeleton Faber polynomials Joukowski airfoils potential-theoretic equilibrium measure

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Polynomials and rational functions of one complex variable (30C10) Zeros of polynomials, rational functions, and other analytic functions of one complex variable (e.g., zeros of functions with bounded Dirichlet integral) (30C15) Conformal mappings of special domains (30C20) Potentials and capacity, harmonic measure, extremal length and related notions in two dimensions (31A15)

Abstract: Let

K

be the closure of a bounded region in the complex plane with simply connected complement whose boundary is a piecewise analytic curve with at least one outward cusp. The asymptotics of zeros of Faber polynomials for

K

are not understood in this general setting. Joukowski airfoils provide a particular class of such sets. We determine the (unique) weak-* limit of the full sequence of normalized counting measures of the Faber polynomials for Joukowski airfoils; it is never equal to the potential-theoretic equilibrium measure of

K

. This implies that many of these airfoils admit an electrostatic skeleton and also explains an interesting class of examples of Ullman related to Chebyshev quadrature.

Review text

The paper is devoted to the problem of the asymptotics of zeros of Faber polynomials for \(K \subset \mathbb{C}\), where \(K\) is the closure of a bounded region with simply connected complement \(\overline{\mathbb{C}}\backslash K\) whose boundary is a piecewise analytic curve with one outward gasp. The authors investigate a particular case of such sets provided by Joukowski airfoils. They consider \(\Psi=J\circ T:\ \{z: |z|>1\} \to \mathbb{C}\backslash K\), where \(J(\zeta)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\zeta+\frac{1}{\zeta}\right)\) and \(\zeta=T(z)=R e^{i\theta}(z-1)+1\) with \(R>1\) and \(\theta \in (-\pi/2, \pi/2)\). If \(\Phi = \Psi^{-1}\), then the Faber polynomials for \(K\) are such polynomials \(\{F_n\}\) that \(F_n(z)=(\Phi(z))^n+\mathcal{O}(1/z)\), \(z\to \infty\). Based on the explicit formula \(F_n(z)=a^{-n} \left[ \left(z+(-b)+\sqrt{ z^2-1}\right)^n+\left(z+(-b)-\sqrt{ z^2-1}\right)^n-(-b)^n\right]\), where \(a=Re^{i\theta}\) and \(b=1-Re^{i\theta}\), the authors find the following asymptotics of the zeros \(z_1^{(n)}, \ldots, z_n^{(n)}\) of \(F_n:\) 1. If \(\theta=0\) for \(1<R\leq 3/2\), all zeros of \(F_n\) lie in \([-1,1];\) and for \(R>3/2\) they accumulate on \([1/2b,1]\cup\mathcal{L}^{+}\), where \( \mathcal{L}^{+} =\{z: |b-z-\sqrt{z^2-1}|=|b|\}\). 2. For \(1<R \cos\theta \leq 3/2\), all zeros of \(F_n\) approach \(\mathcal{A}=\left \{z: \frac{z-b}{\sqrt{b^2+1-2bz}} \in [-1,1]\right \}\); and for \(R \cos\theta> 3/2\), they accumulate on \(\mathcal{A}_b\cup \mathcal{L}^{+}_b\), where \(\mathcal{A}_b\) and \(\mathcal{L}^{+}_b\) are specific portions of corresponding curves \(\mathcal{A}\) and \(\mathcal{L}^{+}\). The authors also determine the unique weak-* limit of the full sequence of normalized counting measures \(\mu_n:=\frac{1}{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n} \delta_{ z_j^{(n)}}\) of \(F_n\). They show that the limit is never equal to the potential-theoretic equilibrium measure of \(K\). This implies that these airfoils admit an electrostatic skeleton and also explains an interesting class of examples of \textit{J. L. Ullman} [Mich. Math. J. 13, 417--423 (1966; Zbl 0152.25401)] related to Chebyshev quadrature.

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