A continuous, constructive solution to Hilbert's 17th problem
continuous dependence on variables and coefficientscontinuous sums of squarescontinuous, piecewise rational solutionHilbert's \(17^{th}\) problemordered fieldpositive semi-definite polynomialreal closuresemi- algebraic setssemi-algebraic geometrysum of squaresweighted SOS
Intuitionistic mathematics (03F55) Other constructive mathematics (03F65) Forms over real fields (11E10) General binary quadratic forms (11E16) Forms of degree higher than two (11E76) Connections of number theory and logic (11U99) Fields related with sums of squares (formally real fields, Pythagorean fields, etc.) (12D15) Ordered fields (12J15) Real algebraic and real-analytic geometry (14Pxx) Topological fields, rings, etc. (topological aspects) (54H13)
Let K be an ordered field, and \(\bar K\) its unique real closure. A polynomial \(F\in K[x_ 1,...x_ n]\) is called positive semi-definite (psd) if \(f\geq 0\) in \(\bar K\). Roughly speaking, Artin's proof shows that f is a sum of squares (SOS) of rational functions \(r_ i\in K(x_ 1,...x_ n)\) provided f is psd and each positive element of K is an SOS. More elegantly, now for all K, f is a weighted SOS: \(p_ ir^ 2_ i\), where \(p_ i\in K^+\) and f is psd. During the fifties to the dependence of \(p_ ir^ 2_ i\) on f, that is, on its variables x and coefficients c, it was given attention. The best result, by Daykin, has remained unpublished. It provides finitely many representations of f by SOS with terms \(p_ ir^ 2_ i\) such that (i) each \(p_ i\) depends polynomially on c, (ii) each \(p_ ir^ 2_ k\) is rational in both x and c, and (iii) if f is psd then, for one of the representations, all \(p_ i\geq 0.\) The author gives a new proof of this result, but, in contrast to Daykin, without attention to bounds on the number of terms and their degrees (depending on n and the degree of f). He also treats a natural topological variant where, in place of (ii), \(p_ ir^ 2_ i\) depends rationally on x, and continuously (for the order topology) on both x and c. His principal result achieves this for real closed K, where \(p_ i\) can be absorbed (since \(| x|\) is semi-algebraic and continuous), and \(r_ i\) is semi-algebraic in c. Having previously excluded a rational representation without Daykin's case distinctions, he conjectures that a continuous, piecewise rational solution is possible for all K. Here the 'pieces' are (basic) semi-algebraic sets. - As the author observed in a later preprint, the last line of p. 366 is false, with a counter-example obtained from the identity on 1.12 of p. 369. However, the false statement is not used in the paper at all, and should be omitted.
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