Regulous functions

DOI10.1515/CRELLE-2014-0034MaRDI QIDQ314115zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Goulwen Fichou, Johannes Huisman, Frédéric Mangolte, Jean-Philippe Monnier

Publication date 13 September 2016

Published in Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2014-0034

constructible algebraic set Noether topology Nullstellensatz rational function real geometry regular function

Rational and birational maps (14E05) Vanishing theorems in algebraic geometry (14F17) Real algebraic sets (14P05) Nash functions and manifolds (14P20) Real rational functions (26C15)

Review text

The manuscript proposes a new approach of the real geometry from the viewpoint of the algebraic structure of \(k\)-regulous functions (that is, rational functions admitting \(C^{k}\)-extensions). Let \(\mathcal R(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) denote the field of rational functions, that is, functions of the form \(f=p/q,\) where \(p,q\in R[x_{1},\ldots x_{n}],\) with \(q\) not vanishing on a Zariski open (therefore, dense) subset \(U\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\). Motivated by \textit{W. Kucharz} [Adv. Geom. 9, No. 4, 517--539 (2009; Zbl 1173.14341)] the authors consider for each value \(k\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{\infty \}\) the ring \(\mathcal{R}^{k}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) of rational functions admitting a \(C^{k}\)-extension on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) (subring of \(\mathbb{R}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\)). These functions are called regulous for \(k=0\) (continuous-rational, according to Kucharz) and respectively, \(k\)-regulous for \(k\geq 1\). Notice that the rational function \(1/x\) is not regulous, while the rational function NEWLINE\[NEWLINE f_{k}(x,y)=\frac{x^{3+k}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}NEWLINE\]NEWLINE is \(k\)-regulous but not \((k+1)\)-regulous. Notice further that a regulous function (and a fortiori a \(k\)-regulous function) is semi-algebraic (its graph is the Euclidean closure in \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) of the graph of a rational function), and consequently, every \(\infty \)-regulous function is Nash. Based on this, the authors establish (Théorème 3.3) that the subring \(\mathcal{R}^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) coincides with the ring \(\mathcal{Q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) of regular functions (that is, rational functions with \(U=\mathbb{R}^{n}\)). This ring is Noetherian, defining the Noetherian Zariski topology, but fails to satisfy Nullstellensatz. On the other hand, the authors show that for \(k\in \mathbb{N}\), although the ring \(\mathcal{R}^{k}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is not Noetherian (Proposition~4.16), its Zariski spectrum \(\mathrm{Spec}(\mathcal{R}^{k}(\mathbb{R}^{n}))\) is a Noetherian topological space, and the \(k\)-regulous topology in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) -- corresponding to closed sets of the form \(Z(f)=\{x\in \mathbb{R} ^{n}:f(x)=0\}\) with \(f\in \mathcal{R}^{k}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) -- is also Noetherian (Théorème~4.3). This is a consequence of the following result: given \(f\in \mathcal{R}^{0}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) (regulous function), \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) can be stratified to a finite number of Zariski-locally closed sets \(S_{i}\) such that \(f|_{S_{i}}\) is regular for all \(i\) (Théorème~4.1), which shows in addition that every \(k\)-regulous closed subset of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is Zariski-constructible. Based on a \(k\)-regulous version of the Lojasiewicz inequality (Lemma~5.2), the authors establish that the reverse also holds (Théorème~6.4): The \(k\)-regulous-closed subsets of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) coincide with the Zariski-constructible ones. Consequently, the \(k\)-regulous topology is independent of \(k\in \mathbb{N}\) (Corollaire~6.5), but it is strictly finer than the Zariski topology (corresponding to \(k=\infty \)) for \(n\geq 2\) (see Example~3.4). Let us note that an even finer Noetherian topology is defined by the arc-symmetric sets (zeros of arc-analytic functions), see [\textit{K. Kurdyka}, Math. Ann. 282, No. 3, 445--462 (1988; Zbl 0686.14027)]. Last but not least, the authors show that the rings \(\mathcal{R}^{k}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) satisfy Nullstellensatz (Théorème~5.24) and the corresponding regulous versions of Cartan's Theorem A and B (Théorème~5.46, Théorème~5.47).NEWLINENEWLINEThe manuscript is written in a very pleasant way and the presentation is clear and complete.

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