Degenerations of k[t]/(t^r)-modules giving stratification of the orbits
Let \(\Lambda \) be a finitely generated associative algebra with unit over an algebraically closed field \(k,\) and let \(d\) be a fixed natural number. Each \( d\)-dimensional \(\Lambda \)-module corresponds to a unique \(r\)-tuple \(m=(m_{1},\dots ,m_{r}) \) of \(d\times d\) matrices over \(k\)., where \( \Lambda \) is generated over \(k\) by \(r\) elements. Through this identification the group \(\text{GL}_{d}(k) \) acts on the variety of \(d\)-dimensional module structures on \(k^{d}\) by conjugation. The orbits of this action are the isomorphism classes of \(d\)-dimensional \(\Lambda \)-modules. The \(\Lambda \)-module \(M\) is said to degenerate to the \(\Lambda \)-module \(N\) if \(n\) is in the Zariski closure of \(\mathcal{O}(m) ,\) the orbit of \(m\), where \(m\) and \(n\) correspond to \(M\) and \(N\) respectively. In this case the stabilizer in \(\text{GL}_{d}(k) \) of the point \(n\) acts on \(\mathcal{O}(m) \) by conjugation-- the orbit of any \( x\in \mathcal{O}(m) \) under this action is denoted \(\mathcal{O} _{n}(x).\) For each such \(r\)-tuple we define \(\text{End} (m) \) to be the set of all \(d\times d\) matrices (not necessarily invertible)\ which commute with \(m\). Clearly we can view \(\text{End} (m) \subset \text{End}_{k}(k^{d}).\) Given \(M\) and \(N\) such that \(M\) degenerates to \(N\) we say that \(N\) is a filtered degeneration of \(M\) if there exists an \(x\in \mathcal{O}(m) \) and \(y\in \mathcal{O}(n) \) such that \(\text{End}(x) \subset \text{End}(y) \subset \text{End} _{k}(k^{d}).\) This paper is a characterization of filtered degenerations in the case where \(\Lambda \) is the truncated polynomial ring \(k[ t] /(t^{r}).\) In this case the \(m\) corresponding to \(M\) is a \(d\times d\) matrix with \(m^{r}=0,\) furthermore the orbit of \(m\) is the set of matrices similar to \(m\). Thus \(m\) can be viewed as a direct sum of Jordan blocks \( J_{i}(0) \) with eigenvalue \(0\). Thus each orbit corresponds to a partition of \(d\) into positive integers. The result of the paper is as follows. Let \(M\) and \(N\) be \(d\)-dimensional \(k [ t] /(t^{r}) \)-modules such that \(N\) is a filtered degeneration of \(M\). Let \(m\) and \(n\) be the \(r\)-tuples of \(d\times d\) matrices corresponding to \(M\) and \(N\) as above. Then for each \(y\in \mathcal{O}(n) \) there exists some \(x_{y}\in \mathcal{O}(m) \) such that \(\dim \mathcal{O}_{y}(x_{y}) =\dim \mathcal{O}(m)-\dim \mathcal{O}(n) \) and for \(y^{\prime }\neq y\) \( \mathcal{O}_{y}(x_{y}) \) and \(\mathcal{O}_{y^{\prime }}(x_{y^{\prime }}) \) are disjoint.\ Also, \(\mathcal{O}(m) \) is the union of all the \(\mathcal{O}_{y}(x_{y}) \)'s. The authors conclude with the example when \(d=11\) and \(m\) corresponds to the matrix \(M=J_{7}(0) \oplus J_{4}(0).\) The partitions for seven different choices of \(N\) such that \(N\) is a filtered degeneration for \(M\) are given explicitly.
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