De Morgan clones and four-valued logics

Many-valued logic (03B50) Equational classes, universal algebra in model theory (03C05) Logical aspects of lattices and related structures (03G10) Abstract algebraic logic (03G27)

Abstract: We study clones on a four-element set related to the clone

m a t h s f D M A

of all term functions of the sub-directly irreducible four-element De~Morgan algebra

m a t h b f D M_{4}

. We find generating sets for the clones of all functions preserving the subalgebras of

m a t h b f D M_{4}

, the auto-morphisms of~

m a t h b f D M_{4}

, the truth order and the information order on

m a t h b f D M_{4}

, as well as clones defined by conjunctions of these conditions. We identify the covers of

m a t h s f D M A

in the lattice of four-valued clones and describe the lattice of clones above

m a t h s f D M A

which contain the discriminator function. Finally, observing that each clone above

m a t h s f D M A

defines an expansion of the four-valued Belnap--Dunn logic, we classify these clones by their metalogical properties, specifically by their position within the Leibniz and Frege hierarchies of abstract algebraic logic.

Review text

A De Morgan clone is a clone over the four-element set DM\(_4\) := \(\{t,f,n,b\}\). This is the set of truth values of Benap-Dunn's four-valued logic [\textit{N. D. Belnap jun.}, in: Mod. Uses of multiple-valued Logic, 5th int. Symp., Bloomington 1975, 5--37 (1977; Zbl 0424.03012)], known also as the logic of first order entailment [\textit{J. M. Dunn}, Philos. Stud. 29, No. 3, 149--168 (1976; Zbl 1435.03043)]. The De Morgan algebra is the algebra \textbf{DM}\(_4\) := (DM\(_4, \lor,\land,t,f,-)\) where \( \lor\) and \(\land\) are the lattice operations w.r.t. the so called truth order given by \(f \le b \le t\), \(f \le n \le t\) and the operation \(-\) is defined by \(-t = f\), \(-f = t\), \(-n = n\), \(-b = b\). \textsf{DMA} is the clone of all term functions of \textbf{DM}\(_4\). In the paper, generating sets are found for the clones of all functions that preserve the subalgebras of \textbf{DM}\(_4\), the automorphisms of \textbf{DM}\(_4\), the truth ordering of DM\(_4\), the information ordering of DM\(_4\) and also for some combinations of these. Described are also clones that fail to preserve some of this structure. It is shown that \textsf{DMA} has exactly three covers in the lattice of all four-valued clones, and described is the lattice of all De Morgan clones above \textsf{DMA} which contain a discriminator function. Each of the latter clones determine an expansion of the Belnap-Dunn logic by additional connectives, and the author provides a classification of these clones by the metalogical properties of correspondding logics, namely, by their position in the Leibniz and Frege hierarchies.

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