Four-valued logics of truth, nonfalsity, exact truth, and material equivalence

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Publication:1981990



Abstract: The four-valued semantics of Belnap--Dunn logic, consisting of the truth values True, False, Neither, and Both, gives rise to several non-classical logics depending on which feature of propositions we wish to preserve: truth, non-falsity, or exact truth (truth and non-falsity). Interpreting equality of truth values in this semantics as material equivalence of propositions, we can moreover see the equational consequence relation of this four-element algebra as a logic of material equivalence. In this paper we axiomatize all combinations of these four-valued logics, for example the logic of truth and exact truth or the logic of truth and material equivalence. These combined systems are consequence relations which allow us to express implications involving more than one of these features of propositions.


The paper's main aim is to axiomatize various logics obtained expanding Belnap-Dunn logic's relational signature by the predicates ExTrue, NonFalse, True, and \(\approx\) and to study the interaction between all the combinations of these predicates. Besides that, the author considers also the expansions of the signature of those logics by means of constants representing some of the elements \(\mathtt{t, f, n}\), and \(\mathtt{b}\) of the original Belnap-Dunn 4-valued logic. After an introductory section, the author recalls in Section 2 various notions and results of abstract algebraic logic, De Morgan lattices and Belnap-Dunn logic. Then, in Section 3, he axiomatizes three logical systems arising from all of the combinations of the predicates True, ExTrue, and NonFalse. In Section 4, he extends these logics by the equality predicate and, in Section 5, he axiomatizes the multiple-conclusion versions of those logics, focusing mainly on the multiple-conclusion logic of ExTrue, which is the only non-trivial case.











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