The first, second and fourth Painlevé equations on weighted projective spaces
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Abstract: The first, second and fourth Painlev'{e} equations are studied by means of dynamical systems theory and three dimensional weighted projective spaces with suitable weights determined by the Newton diagrams of the equations or the versal deformations of vector fields. Singular normal forms of the equations, a simple proof of the Painlev'{e} property and symplectic atlases of the spaces of initial conditions are given with the aid of the orbifold structure of . In particular, for the first Painlev'{e} equation, a well known Painlev'{e}'s transformation is geometrically derived, which proves to be the Darboux coordinates of a certain algebraic surface with a holomorphic symplectic form. The affine Weyl group, Dynkin diagram and the Boutroux coordinates are also studied from a view point of the weighted projective space.
The Painlevé equations \(I\), \(II\), \(IV\) are considered. These equations are equivalent to certain Hamiltonian systems defined on weigted projective spaces \(\mathbb{C}P^3(p,q,r,s)\), where \((p,q,r,s)=(3,2,4,5)\) for Painlevé \(I\), \((p,q,r,s)=(2,1,2,3)\) for Painlevé \(II\), \((p,q,r,s)=(1,1,1,2)\) for Painlevé \(IV\). These weighted projective spaces are decomposed into subsets called finite and infinite parts. On the infinite part the systems have singularities which correspond either to movable singularities of Painlevé equations or to singular point \(\infty\). The main results of the paper are the following ones: {\parindent=0.5cm \begin{itemize}\item[-] it is proved that the Painlevé equations are locally transformed into integrable systems near movable singularities, \item[-] a simple proof of the fact that solutions of Painlevé \(I\) are meromorphic and a simple construction of Okamoto's space of initial coordinate are obtained, \item[-] geometric interpretations of Painlevé coordinates and Boutroux coordinates are obtained. \end{itemize}}
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