The complex viewpoint for transverse impasse points of quasi-linear differential equations

DOI10.1016/J.JDE.2015.09.026MaRDI QIDQ890198zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 9 November 2015

Published in Journal of Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2015.09.026

differential-algebraic equations impasse point implicit differential equations multiplicity Puiseux expansion singularity

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Implicit ordinary differential equations, differential-algebraic equations (34A09) Algebraic aspects (differential-algebraic, hypertranscendence, group-theoretical) of ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M15) Singularities, monodromy and local behavior of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, normal forms (34M35)

Review text

This paper studies \(n\)-dimensional implicit differential equations of the form \[ A(x,y) \frac{dy}{dx} = b(x,y), \;\;(x,y) \in \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^n \;\text{or} \;\mathbb{C} \times \mathbb{C}^n, \eqno(1) \] where \(A\) is a \((n \times n)\)-matrix and \(b\) is a \(n\)-vector whose components are analytic functions of \(x,y\). Attention is paid to the \textit{impasse points} (or \textit{singular points}) of the system, i.e., the points \((x,y)\) where the matrix \(A\) degenerates, and consequently, the standard theorems for ordinary differential equations are not applicable. It should be remarked that singular points of real systems of this type are studied by many authors and from different viewpoints; some related references are enumerated in the present paper. I take the liberty to recommend also the following works (probably, unknown to the author). The recent book by \textit{R. Lamour} et al. [Differential-algebraic equations. A projector based analysis. Berlin: Springer (2013; Zbl 1276.65045)] presents an analytical approach to systems (1), which goes back to Weierstrass and Kronecker. The papers by \textit{A. O. Remizov} [Differ. Equ. 38, No. 5, 654--662 (2002; Zbl 1041.34002); translation from Differ. Uravn. 38, No. 5, 622--630 (2002)] and [J. Math. Sci., New York 151, No. 6, 3561--3602 (2008; Zbl 1190.34006); translation from Sovrem. Mat., Fundam. Napravl. 19, 131--170 (2006)] present a geometric approach going back to Poincaré and Clebsch, which can be used even for implicit systems of the general form \[ F\bigl(x,y, \tfrac{dy}{dx}\bigr) = 0 \] with arbitrary analytic or smooth \(F : \mathbb{R}^{2n+1} \to \mathbb{R}^{n}\). Finally, \textit{N. D. Pazii} studied singularities of systems (1) in real, complex and even infinite dimensional (Banach) complex spaces [Locally analytic classification of equations of Sobolev type (PhD Thesis) (1999)]. However, the real case is studied better than the complex one. The main purpose of the present paper is to extend main notions and results concerning singularities of systems (1) from the real to complex case. For instance, at least one component of the solution \(y(x)\) of the real system (1) at a typical singular point \((x_0,y_0)\) behaves like \(\pm \sqrt {x-x_0}\) (forward impasse point) or \(\pm \sqrt {x_0-x}\) (backward impasse point). The author extends this result to the complex case and proves the uniqueness of a multivalued complex solution, with a ramification index related to the multiplicity of the singularity.

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