Spectral asymptotics for resolvent differences of elliptic operators with and ^'-interactions on hypersurfaces
Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic equations (35J25) Asymptotic distributions of eigenvalues in context of PDEs (35P20) General theory of partial differential operators (47F05) Pseudodifferential operators (47G30) Selfadjoint operator theory in quantum theory, including spectral analysis (81Q10) Perturbation theories for operators and differential equations in quantum theory (81Q15)
Let \(\Sigma \subset {\mathbb R}^n\) be a closed smooth compact hypersurface that decomposes \({\mathbb R}^n\) into a bounded domain \(\Omega_-\) and an unbounded domain \(\Omega_+\) with common boundary \(\Sigma\). Let \[ (Au)(x) = -\sum_{j,k=1}^n\partial_j(a_{jk}(x)\partial_k u)(x) + a(x)u(x) \] be symmetric and uniformly strongly elliptic in \({\mathbb R}^n\) with real \(C_b^{\infty}\) coefficients. The authors consider realizations of \(A\) in \(L^2({\mathbb R}^n)\) subject to coupling conditions of \(\delta\)- and \(\delta'\)-type supported on \(\Sigma\). More precisely, let \(A_{\delta,\alpha}\) be the operator that acts like \(A\) on functions \(u_{\pm} \in H^2(\Omega_{\pm})\) such that \(u_+\big|_{\Sigma} = u_-\big|_{\Sigma}\) and \(\nu^+u_+ + \nu^-u_- = \alpha u\big|_{\Sigma}\), where \(\nu^{\pm}u_{\pm}\) are the outward conormal derivatives on \(\Sigma\) of \(u_{\pm}\) from the respective sides, and \(\alpha \in C^{\infty}(\Sigma)\) is real-valued. Similarly, \(A_{\delta',\beta}\) is the operator that acts like \(A\) on functions \(u_{\pm} \in H^2(\Omega_{\pm})\) such that \(\nu^+u_+ + \nu^-u_- = 0\) on \(\Sigma\), and \(u_+\big|_{\Sigma} - u_-\big|_{\Sigma} = \beta \nu^+u_+\) with a real-valued function \(\beta \in C^{\infty}(\Sigma)\) that is nowhere vanishing. These realizations of \(A\) in \(L^2({\mathbb R}^n)\) are self-adjoint and bounded from below. Let \(A_0\) denote the free realization of \(A\) in \(L^2({\mathbb R}^n)\) with domain \(H^2({\mathbb R}^n)\). Assuming invertibility of all operators (which can be obtained after shifting), the authors consider the resolvent differences \(A_{\delta,\alpha}^{-1} - A_0^{-1}\) and \(A_{\delta',\beta}^{-1} - A_0^{-1}\) in \(L^2({\mathbb R}^n)\). These are compact operators, and the authors prove asymptotic formulas for their singular values. More precisely, they show that \[ s_k(A_{\delta,\alpha}^{-1} - A_0^{-1}) = C_{\delta,\alpha}k^{-\frac{3}{n-1}} + o(k^{-\frac{3}{n-1}}) \] as \(k \to \infty\), where the remainder improves to \(O(k^{-\frac{4}{n-1}})\) if \(\alpha\) is nowhere vanishing on \(\Sigma\), and \[ s_k(A_{\delta',\beta}^{-1} - A_0^{-1}) = C_{\delta'}k^{-\frac{2}{n-1}} + O(k^{-\frac{3}{n-1}}) \] as \(k \to \infty\). The authors give explicit formulas for the leading constants \(C_{\delta,\alpha}\) and \(C_{\delta'}\) (where \(C_{\delta'}\) is independent of \(\beta\)). They also prove a similar asymptotic formula for the singular values of the resolvent difference of the \(\delta'\)-realization and the two-sided Neumann realization instead of the free realization. The proof is based on pseudodifferential techniques for boundary value problems (Boutet de Monvel's calculus) and Krein-type resolvent formulas which reduce the problem to classical results on spectral asymptotics of pseudodifferential operators on closed manifolds (here applied to operators on \(\Sigma\)).
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