Lie theory for Hopf operads

Abstract: The present article takes advantage of the properties of algebras in the category of S-modules (twisted algebras) to investigate further the fine algebraic structure of Hopf operads. We prove that any Hopf operad P carries naturally the structure of twisted Hopf P-algebra. Many properties of classical Hopf algebraic structures are then shown to be encapsulated in the twisted Hopf algebraic structure of the corresponding Hopf operad. In particular, various classical theorems of Lie theory relating Lie polynomials to words (i.e. elements of the tensor algebra) are lifted to arbitrary Hopf operads.

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The authors study Hopf algebras in the category of \(\mathbf S\)-modules, where an \(\mathbf S\)-module refers to a collection \(M = \{M(n)\}_{n\in\mathbb N}\) such that \(M(n)\) is a representation of the symmetric group \(\mathbf S_n\) for \(n\in\mathbb N\). For any \(\mathbf k\)-module \(E\), we can form a module of symmetric tensors \(S(M,E) = \bigoplus_{n=0}^{\infty} (M(n)\otimes E^{\otimes n})_{\mathbf S_n}\) with coefficients in a given \(\mathbf S\)-module \(M\). The map \(S(M): E\mapsto S(M,E)\) defines a functor on \(\mathbf k\)-modules and the category of \(\mathbf S\)-modules is equipped with structures that reflect pointwise operations on functors of this form \(S(M): E\mapsto S(M,E)\). In particular, the category of \(\mathbf S\)-modules is equipped with a tensor product, denoted by \(\cdot\) in the paper under review, such that \(S(M\cdot N,E) = S(M,E)\otimes S(N,E)\). The notion of a Hopf algebra in \(\mathbf S\)-modules is defined with respect to this tensor structure. The authors observe that a Hopf operad \(\mathcal P\) such that \(\mathcal P(0) = \mathbf k\) defines a Hopf algebra in \(\mathbf S\)-modules. Recall that a Hopf operad is an operad in coalgebras. They prove that the primitive part of the Hopf algebra in \(\mathbf S\)-modules defined by a Hopf operad inherits an operad structure. The authors study the example of the associative operad \(\mathcal A s\) and of the Poisson operad \(\mathcal P ois\). They observe that the primitive parts of \(\mathcal A s\) and \(\mathcal P ois\) are both isomorphic to the Lie operad \(\mathcal L ie\). The last-mentioned result is a consequence of generalizations, in the context of \(\mathbf S\)-modules, of the usual Milnor-Moore and Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorems [\textit{C. R. Stover}, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 86, No. 3, 289--326 (1993; Zbl 0793.16016)]: any connected cocommutative Hopf algebra in \(\mathbf S\)-modules \(H\) is the enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra \(H = U(\mathcal G)\), where \(\mathcal G = \text{Prim} H\), and comes equipped with a natural filtration such that \(\text{gr} H = S(\mathcal G)\), the abelian Hopf algebra generated by \(\mathcal G\). For this abelian Hopf algebra \(S(\mathcal G)\), we also have \(\text{Prim} S(\mathcal G) = \mathcal G\). Besides, the Lie bracket of \(\mathcal G\) extends to a biderivation on \(S(\mathcal G)\) so that the symmetric algebra \(S(\mathcal G)\) inherits a natural Poisson structure. For the associative operad \(\mathcal A s\), an immediate adjunction argument gives \(\mathcal A s = U(\mathcal L ie)\), where the Lie operad \(\mathcal L ie\) is considered as a Lie algebra in \(\mathbf S\)-modules. Hence the Milnor-Moore theorem implies \(\text{Prim}\mathcal A s = \text{Prim} U(\mathcal L ie) = \mathcal L ie\). Let \(\mathcal C om\) denote the commutative operad. The symmetric algebra in \(\mathbf S\)-modules \(\text{gr}\mathcal A s = \text{gr} U(\mathcal L ie) = S(\mathcal L ie)\) can be identified with a composite \(\mathbf S\)-module \(\mathcal C om\circ\mathcal L ie\), which is a representation of the Poisson operad \(\mathcal P ois\). Therefore we also have \(\text{Prim}\mathcal P ois = \text{Prim} S(\mathcal L ie) = \mathcal L ie\). The identity \(\text{Prim}\mathcal A s = \mathcal L ie\) had already been noticed and used by the reviewer [\textit{B. Fresse}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 352, No. 9, 4113--4141 (2000; Zbl 0958.18005)].

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