Hypermap operations of finite order

Planar graphs; geometric and topological aspects of graph theory (05C10) Graphs and abstract algebra (groups, rings, fields, etc.) (05C25) Group actions on combinatorial structures (05E18) Generators, relations, and presentations of groups (20F05) Relations of low-dimensional topology with graph theory (57M15)

Abstract: Duality and chirality are examples of operations of order 2 on hypermaps. James showed that the groups of all operations on hypermaps and on oriented hypermaps can be identified with the outer automorphism groups

and

of the groups

D e l t a = C_{2} * C_{2} * C_{2}

and

D e l t a^{+} = F_{2}

. We will consider the elements of finite order in these two groups, and the operations they induce.

Review text

Playing a key role in the study of hypermaps and oriented hypermaps are the groups \(\Delta = \langle \, a,b,c \, | \, a^2 = b^2 = c^2 = 1 \, \rangle\), which is isomorphic to the free product \(C_2 * C_2 * C_2\), and its index 2 subgroup \(\Delta^{+} = \langle \, x,y,z \, | \, xyz = 1 \, \rangle\), which is isomorphic to the free group \(F_2\). Operations on hypermaps such as duality and reflection correspond to outer automorphisms of these groups (as shown by \textit{L. D. James}, in [``Operations on hypermaps, and outer automorphisms, Eur. J. Comb. 9, No.\,6, 551--560 (1988; Zbl 0698.05028)]). In this paper the authors describe the known classification of elements of finite order in the outer automorphism groups of \(\Delta\) and \(\Delta^{+}\), namely \(PGL_2({\mathbb Z})\) and \(GL_2({\mathbb Z})\), and study the corresponding periodic operators on hypermaps and oriented hypermaps. They also discuss canonical forms for elements of \(PGL_2({\mathbb Z})\), and properties of a \textit{generalised chirality group} (associated with an outer automorphism \(\alpha\) of \(\Delta\) or \(\Delta^{+}\) such that \(\alpha^2\) is an inner automorphism).

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