Quadratic Forms Representing All Odd Positive Integers

DOI10.1353/AJM.2014.0041MaRDI QIDQ2934443zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Jeremy Rouse

Publication date 12 December 2014

Published in American Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.0979, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_mathematics/summary/v136/136.6.rouse.html

zbMATH Keywords

cusp formsgeneralized Riemann hypothesisquadratic formsRankin-Selberg \(L\)-functionsrepresentation of integers

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

General binary quadratic forms (11E16) General ternary and quaternary quadratic forms; forms of more than two variables (11E20) Analytic theory (Epstein zeta functions; relations with automorphic forms and functions) (11E45) Hecke-Petersson operators, differential operators (one variable) (11F25) Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms (11F30) Representation-theoretic methods; automorphic representations over local and global fields (11F70) Nonreal zeros of (zeta (s)) and (L(s, chi)); Riemann and other hypotheses (11M26)

Abstract: We consider the problem of classifying all positive-definite integer-valued quadratic forms that represent all positive odd integers. Kaplansky considered this problem for ternary forms, giving a list of 23 candidates, and proving that 19 of those represent all positive odds. (Jagy later dealt with a 20th candidate.) Assuming that the remaining three forms represent all positive odds, we prove that an arbitrary, positive-definite quadratic form represents all positive odds if and only if it represents the odd numbers from 1 up to 451. This result is analogous to Bhargava and Hanke's celebrated 290-theorem. In addition, we prove that these three remaining ternaries represent all positive odd integers, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis. This result is made possible by a new analytic method for bounding the cusp constants of integer-valued quaternary quadratic forms $Q$ with fundamental discriminant. This method is based on the analytic properties of Rankin-Selberg $L$-functions, and we use it to prove that if $Q$ is a quaternary form with fundamental discriminant, the largest locally represented integer $n$ for which $Q(vecx)=n$ has no integer solutions is $O(D^{2+epsilon})$.

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