Second-Order Elliptic Operators and Heat Kernels on Lie Groups

interpolating family of semigroups Lie algebra Lie group positive integral kernel right Haar measure right-invariant vector fields strongly elliptic second-order differential operator

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Analysis on real and complex Lie groups (22E30) Second-order elliptic equations (35J15) One-parameter semigroups and linear evolution equations (47D06)

Review text

Let \(G\) be a Lie group of dimension \(d\), possibly with uncountably many components. Let \(L_ p=L_ p(G,dg)\) and \(L_{\hat p}=L_ p(G,d\hat g)\), where \(dg\) is a left and \(d\hat g=\Delta(g)^{-1}dg\) is a right Haar measure on \(G\). The authors consider a strongly elliptic second- order differential operator \[ C=-\sum^ d_{i,j=1}A_ ic_{ij}A_ j+\sum^ d_{i=1}c_ iA_ i+c_ 0 \] on \(G\). Here \(A_ 1,\dots,A_ d\) are the right-invariant vector fields on \(G\) corresponding to a basis of the Lie algebra of \(G\), and \(c_ i\in L_{\infty;n}\), \(c_{ij}\in L_{\infty;n+1}\) with \(n>d/2\) are real valued functions on \(G\). \(C\) is the generator of a positive semigroup \(t\to T_ t^{(p)}\) (resp. \(t\to\hat T_ t^{(p)})\) on \(L_ p\) (resp. \(L_{\hat p})\) for \(1\leq p\leq\infty\). The authors prove the theorem that there exists for each \(t>0\) a positive integral kernel \(K_ t\), independent of \(p\in[1,\infty]\), such that \[ \left(T_ t^{(p)}\phi\right)(g)=\int_ G K_ t(g;h)\phi(h)dh \quad\hbox{for all }\phi\in L_ p,\hbox{ and} \] \[ \left(\hat T_ t^{(p)}\psi\right)(g)=\int_ G K_ t(g;h)\psi(h)d\hat h \quad\hbox{for all }\psi\in L_{\hat p}. \] They proceed by showing the following upper and lower estimates of this semigroup kernel \(K_ t\): \[ a't^{-d/2}e^{-b'| gh^{-1}|^ 2/t}e^{-\omega't}\leq K_ t(g;h)\leq at^{-d/2}e^{-b| gh^{- 1}|^ 2/t}e^{-\omega t}, \] where \(| gh^{-1}|\) is the right invariant distance from \(h\) to \(g\), and \(a'\), \(b'\), \(\omega'\), \(a\), \(b\), \(\omega\) are positive constants. The theorem explains why \(C\) generates an interpolating family of semigroups on the \(L_ p\)-spaces, which is the principal result of \textit{M. Arendt, C. J. K. Batty} and \textit{D. W. Robinson} [J. Oper. Theory 23, 369-408 (1990)].

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