Sectorial operators and normalized numerical range.

Let \(A\) be a linear (not necessarily bounded) operator on the Hilbert space \(H\). The paper starts with a characterization of sectorial operators in terms of norm estimates of \(A-zI\). More specifically, it is proved that the numerical range \(W(A)\) is contained in \(S_\sigma\equiv\{re^{i\theta}\in \mathbb{C}: r\geq 0,|\theta|\leq \sigma\}\), where \(0< \sigma< \pi/2\), if and only if \(\|(A- zI)^{-1}\|\leq 1/\text{dist}(z, S_\sigma)\) for all \(z\) in \(S_\sigma\). (We remark that this is a known result; it is even true with \(S_\sigma\) replaced by any nonempty closed convex subset of \(\mathbb{C}\).) Another result along this line is the following version of Kreiss' theorem (1962) that \(A\) has its normalized numerical range \(W_N(A)\equiv \{\langle Aw,w\rangle/\| Aw\|\,\| w\|:w\) in domain of \(A\) with \(Aw\neq0\}\) contained in the set \(\{x+ iy\in\mathbb{C}: x^2+ y^2\leq 1\) and either \(x\geq 0\) or \((x^2/(1- K^{-2}))+ y^2\leq 1\}\), where \(K\geq 1\), if and only if \(\|(A- zI)^{-1}\|\leq K/|\text{Re\,}z|\) for all \(z\) in \(\mathbb{C}\) with \(\text{Re\,}z< 0\). The author then gives another result of the nature, namely, \(A\) has \(W_N(A)\) contained in some specific subset, depending on \(\sigma\) in \((0,\pi/2)\) and \(K\geq 1\), of the closed unit disc if and only if \(\|(A- zI)^{-1}\|\leq K/\text{dist}(z, S_\sigma)\) for all \(z\) not in \(S_\sigma\). He also discusses the equivalence of an upper bound for the real part of \(W_N(A)\) and the norms of \((A- dI)^{-1}\) for \(d\) on the real axis, and illustrates the computation of the inclusion region of \(W_N(A)\) for a 9-by-9 matrix \(A\).

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