Semigroups and rings whose zero products commute
Let \(S\) be a semigroup with zero and let \(n\in\mathbb{N}\), \(n\geq 2\). The purpose of this paper is to study the following conditions on \(S\): \[ a_1a_2\cdots a_n=0\Rightarrow a_{\sigma(1)}a_{\sigma(2)}\cdots a_{\sigma(n)}=0,\quad\text{for each permutation }\sigma\in\Sigma_n,\tag{\text{ZC}\(_n\)} \] that is to study when the zero products of \(S\) commute. It seems that this condition was first considered by \textit{V. A. Andrunakievich} and \textit{Yu. M. Ryabukhin} [Sov. Math. Dokl. 9, 565-568 (1968); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 180, 9-11 (1968; Zbl 0174.32803)]. Notice that if \(S\) has 1 then each time when \(S\) satisfies \((\text{ZC}_{n+1})\) it also satisfies \((\text{ZC}_n)\). It is proved that: 1) If \(n\geq 3\) and \(S\) satisfies \((\text{ZC}_n)\) then it also satisfies \((\text{ZC}_{n+1})\). 2) If \(S\) is reduced (i.e. \(S\) has no nonzero nilpotent element) then \(S\) satisfies \((\text{ZC}_n)\), for all \(n\geq 2\). Examples of semigroups which \(\alpha)\) satisfy \((\text{ZC}_2)\) and do not satisfy \((\text{ZC}_3)\) or \(\beta)\) satisfy \((\text{ZC}_{n+1})\) and do not satisfy \((\text{ZC}_n)\) are given. In the latter section of the paper the rings \((R,+,\cdot)\) such that the semigroup \((R,\cdot)\) satisfies condition \((\text{ZC}_n)\) are studied. The following results are established: 3) If \(R\) has 1 and satisfies \((\text{ZC}_2)\) then \(R\) is directly finite (i.e. \(ab=1\) implies \(ba=1)\). 4) If \(R\) satisfies \((\text{ZC}_n)\) then the idempotents of \(R\) are central and \(\text{nil}(R)\) is an ideal of \(R\). Examples of rings satisfying \(\alpha)\) or \(\beta)\) and also an example of nonreduced ring which satisfies \((\text{ZC}_n)\), for all \(n\geq 2\), are given.
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