Sensitivity analysis of an inverse problem for the wave equation with caustics

DOI10.1090/S0894-0347-2014-00787-6MaRDI QIDQ2922789zbMATH OpenWikidataFDO

Publication date 15 October 2014

Published in Journal of the American Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.6220

Dirichlet-to-Neumann map inverse problem stability velocity field wave equation X-ray transform

Transform methods (e.g., integral transforms) applied to PDEs (35A22) Wave equation (35L05) Inverse problems for PDEs (35R30)

Abstract: The paper investigates the sensitivity of the inverse problem of recovering the velocity field in a bounded domain from the boundary dynamic Dirichlet-to-Neumann map (DDtN) for the wave equation. Three main results are obtained: (1) assuming that two velocity fields are non-trapping and are equal to a constant near the boundary, it is shown that the two induced scattering relations must be identical if their corresponding DDtN maps are sufficiently close; (2) a geodesic X-ray transform operator with matrix-valued weight is introduced by linearizing the operator which associates each velocity field with its induced Hamiltonian flow. A selected set of geodesics whose conormal bundle can cover the cotangent space at an interior point is used to recover the singularity of the X-ray transformed function at the point; a local stability estimate is established for this case. Although fold caustics are allowed along these geodesics, it is required that these caustics contribute to a smoother term in the transform than the point itself. The existence of such a set of geodesics is guaranteed under some natural assumptions in dimension greater than or equal to three by the classification result on caustics and regularity theory of Fourier Integral Operators. The interior point with the above required set of geodesics is called "fold-regular"; (3) assuming that a background velocity field with every interior point fold-regular is fixed and another velocity field is sufficiently close to it and satisfies a certain orthogonality condition, it is shown that if the two corresponding DDtN maps are sufficiently close then they must be equal.

Review text

Let \(\Omega\) be a bounded, strictly convex and smooth domain in \(\mathbb R^d\), \(d \geq 2\), with boundary \(\Gamma\). Let \(c(x)\) be a velocity field in \(\Omega\) and let \(T\) be a sufficiently large positive number. Consider the wave equation system NEWLINENEWLINE\[NEWLINE\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{c^2} u_{tt} - \Delta u&=0,\\ u(0,x)&= u_t(0,x)=0, \;x \in \Omega, \\ u(x,t)&=f(x,t), \;(x,t) \in \Gamma \times (0,T).\end{aligned}NEWLINE\]NEWLINENEWLINE For each \(f \in H^1_0 ([0, T] \times \Gamma)\), it is known that there exists a unique solution \(u \in C^1((0,T); L_2(\Omega))\bigcup C([0,T]; H^1(\Omega))\) and furthermore \(\partial u/\partial \nu \in L^2([0,T] \times \Gamma)\), where \(\nu\) is the unit outward normal to the boundary. Define the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map by NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\Lambda_c(f)= \left . \frac{\partial u }{\partial \nu} \right |_{[0,T] \times \Gamma} .NEWLINE\]NEWLINE The paper is concerned with the stability of the inverse problem of recovering the velocity field \(c\) from the DDtN map \(\Lambda_c\). Assuming that two velocity fields are non-trapping and are equal to constant near the boundary, it is shown that the two induced scattering fields must be indentical if their corresponding DDtN maps are sufficiently close. A geodesic X-ray transform operator with matrix-valued weight is introduced by linearizing the operator which associates each velocity field with its induced Hamiltonian flow. A selected set of geodesics is used to recover the singularity of the X-ray transformed function at the point; a local stability estimate is established in this case. Suppose that a background velocity field is fixed and every interior point has the above required set of geodesics (fold-regular). Assuming that another velocity field is sufficiently close to it and satisfies a certain ortogonality condition, it is shown that if two corresponding DDtN maps are sufficiently close, then they must be equal.

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