Sharp exponential decay rates for anisotropically damped waves

Asymptotic behavior of solutions to PDEs (35B40) Wave equation (35L05) Global Riemannian geometry, including pinching (53C20) Pseudodifferential and Fourier integral operators on manifolds (58J40) Hyperbolic equations on manifolds (58J45)

Abstract: In this article, we study energy decay of the damped wave equation on compact Riemannian manifolds where the damping coefficient is anisotropic and modeled by a pseudodifferential operator of order zero. We prove that the energy of solutions decays at an exponential rate if and only if the damping coefficient satisfies an anisotropic analogue of the classical geometric control condition, along with a unique continuation hypothesis. Furthermore, we compute an explicit formula for the optimal decay rate in terms of the spectral abscissa and the long-time averages of the principal symbol of the damping over geodesics, in analogy to the work of Lebeau for the isotropic case. We also construct genuinely anisotropic dampings which satisfy our hypotheses on the flat torus.

Review text

The authors consider the generalized damped wave equation \[ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \partial^2_tu-\Delta_gu+2W\partial_tu=0,\\ (u,\partial_tu)=(u_0,u_1) \end{array} \right. \] on a smooth compact Riemannian manifold \((M,g)\). Here \(\Delta_g\) is the Laplace-Beltrami operator (such that \(\Delta_g\leq0\)), \((u_0,u_1)^T\in H^1(M)\oplus L^2(M)\), \(W\,:\,L^2(M)\to L^2(M)\) is bounded, nonnegative and belongs to the space \(\Psi^0_{cl}(M)\) of classical pseudodifferential operators on \(M\) of order zero with polyhomogeneous symbol expansions. The main result of the paper (Theorem 2) states that the best exponential decay rate for solutions of~(1) is given by \[ \alpha:=2\min\{ -D_0,L_\infty \}, \] where \(D_0\) is the spectral abscissa, i.e. \(D_0:=\lim_{R\to0+}\sup\left\{ \text{Re}(\lambda)\,:\,|\lambda|>R,\,\lambda\in\text{Spec}(A_W) \right\}\), \(A_W:=\left( \begin{array}{cc} 0 & \text{Id}\\ \Delta_g & -2W \end{array} \right)\) is the generator of the solution semigroup for~(1), and \(L_\infty\) is the long-time limit of the time average of the damping along geodesics, i.e. \(L_\infty:=\lim_{t\to\infty}\inf_{(x,\xi)\in S^*M}\frac1t \int_0^t w(\varphi_s(x,\xi))ds\) with \(w:=\) principal symbol of \(W\) and \(\varphi_s:=\) the lift of the geodesic flow to \(T^*M\), \(S^*M:=\{(x,\xi)\in T^*M\,:\,|\xi|_g=1 \}\) (see details in the paper). The authors prove this result and, moreover, show that it implies the following statement (Theorem 1 in the paper): All solutions \(u\) to~(1) with \(W\in \Psi^0_{cl}(M)\) satisfy \[ E(u,t)\leq C e^{-\beta t}E(u,0) \] for some \(C,\beta>0\) and all \(t\geq0\) if and only if \(W\) satisfies Assumption 1 (Anisotropic Geometric Control Condition) and Assumption 2 (that the kernel of \(W\) does not contain any nontrivial eigenfunction of \(\Delta_g\)) which are formulated in the paper. Here \(E(u,t)\) is the energy \[ E(u,t):=\frac12\int_M |\nabla_g u(t,x)|^2+|\partial_t u(t,x)|^2\, dv_g(x), \] and \(dv_g\) is the Riemannian volume form on \(M\). Moreover, the authors provide some examples such that Assumptions 1 and 2 are satisfied.

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