Spatio-temporal coexistence in the cross-diffusion competition system
Periodic solutions to PDEs (35B10) Pattern formations in context of PDEs (35B36) Quasilinear parabolic equations (35K59) PDEs in connection with biology, chemistry and other natural sciences (35Q92) Normal forms, center manifold theory, bifurcation theory for infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems (37L10) Dynamical systems in biology (37N25) Population dynamics (general) (92D25)
The authors consider the coupled PDEs \[ u_t = \{(d+\gamma v)u\}_{xx}+(r_1-a_1u-b_1v)u \] \[ v_t = dv_{xx}+(r_2-a_2u-b_2v)v \] on \(x\in(0,L)\) and \(t>0\) with \(u_x(0,t)=u_x(L,t)=0\) and \(v_x(0,t)=v_x(L,t)=0\). They expand the solution in Fourier series in space, resulting in an infinite set of ODEs for the coefficients of the series. A numerical investigation of these ODEs shows instabilities of the spatially-uniform steady state as either \(d\) or \(\gamma\) are varied. This motivates a center manifold and normal form calculation about a doubly degenerate Hopf bifurcation. The result is a rigorous proof of the existence of a small amplitude (in space) time-periodic solution of the PDE which bifurcates from the spatially-uniform steady state through a Hopf bifurcation.
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