Construction of lattice orders on the semigroup ring of a positive rooted monoid (Q1868767)

Let \((M,+,\leq)\) be a strictly partially ordered monoid such that (1) the set of all upper bounds of each element in \(M\) is a chain, (2) each non-zero element \(a\in M\) is positive (i.e., \(a<a+a\) for any \(a\neq 0)\), and (3) there exists \(m\in M\), \(m\neq 0\), comparable to every non-zero element of \(M\). In this paper the monoid ring \(A(M)\) for a totally ordered domain \(A\) is studied with respect to the question of which lattice-orders exist on \(A(M)\) such that the squares of its elements are positive. Under certain conditions all such orderings are constructed, which make the monoid ring into a lattice-ordered ring. In particular, for the polynomial ring \(A[x]\) all partial orders are determined for which \(A[x]\) is not totally ordered but is a lattice-ordered ring such that every element is positive and \(x\) is a \(d\)-element. For a partially ordered ring \(R\) an element \(a\in R^+\) is called a \(d\)-element on the left lattice-ordered \(R\)-module \(A\) if \(x\wedge y=0\) implies \(ax\wedge ay=0\). Properties of \(d\)-elements are used to characterize lattice-ordered rings that are quadratic extensions of totally ordered division rings. (The number of concepts used in the paper is too high to be reproduced here in order to discuss the main results of the paper in more detail).