A Gross-Kohnen-Zagier theorem for non-split Cartan curves (Q2308827)

\textit{B. Gross} et al. [Math. Ann. 278, 497--562 (1987; Zbl 0641.14013)] have shown the relation between Heegner divisors of a modular curve and coefficients of a vector-valued modular form of weight 3/2. In this article, the authors show results analogous to those of Gross, Kohnen and Zagier for special (Heegner) divisors associated with the non-split Cartan curve and coefficients of a Jacobi form of weight \(6\) and lattice index of rank \(9\). Let \(p\in\mathbb Z\) be an odd prime and \(\varepsilon\in\mathbb Z/4p^2\) be a non-square modulo \(p\) such that \(\varepsilon\equiv 1\pmod 4\). Let \(D\) be the discriminant of an order of an imaginary quadratic field \(K\) such that \(p\) is inert in \(K\) and is prime to \(D\). Let \(C_{ns}=\mathbb F_p[\left(\begin{smallmatrix}0&1\\\varepsilon&0\end{smallmatrix}\right)]\) be the non-split Cartan subgroup of \(GL_2(\mathbb F_p)\). Let \(\Gamma_{ns}\) and \(\Gamma_{ns}^+\) (\(\subset GL_2^+(\mathbb Q)\)) be the pull back of \(C_{ns}\) and its normalizer respectively. Let \(J_{ns}\) (resp.\(J_{ns}^+\)) be the Jacobian of the modular curve \(X_{ns}\) (resp.\(X_{ns}^+\)) attached to \(\Gamma_{ns}\) (resp.\(\Gamma_{ns}^+\)). The authors define the special divisor \(P_{D,s}^+\) as follows. Denote by \([A,B,C]\) an integral quadratic form \(AX^2+BXY+CY^2\). Let \(\mathfrak Q=\{[A,B,C] | B\equiv A+\varepsilon C\equiv 0\pmod p\}\) and \(\mathfrak Q_s=\{[A,B,C]\in \mathfrak Q | B\equiv s \pmod 2,A-\varepsilon C\equiv s\pmod {p^2}\}\) for \(s\in\mathbb Z/2p^2\) and \(\mathfrak P_{D,s}=\{[A,B,C]\in \mathfrak Q_s | A>0,B^2-4AC=D\}\). These sets are \(\Gamma_{ns}\)-invariant. Let \(z_v\) be the root of \(AX^2+BX+C=0\) with \(\text{Im}(z_v)>0\) for \(v=[A,B,C]\). Let \(P_{D,s}=\sum_{v\in\mathfrak P_{D,s}/\Gamma_{ns}}z_v \in \mathrm{Pic}(X_{ns})\otimes\mathbb Q\simeq J_{ns}\otimes\mathbb Q\). The divisor \(P_{D,s}^+\) is defined to be the image of \(P_{D,s}\) by the morphism of \(J_{ns}\otimes\mathbb Q\) to \(J_{ns}^+\otimes\mathbb Q\). Let\(E/\mathbb Q\) be an elliptic curve of conductor \(p^2\) and odd analytic rank. Then there exists a Heke-equivalent rational map \(\pi^+\colon J_{ns}^+\to E\). Let \(D\) be fundamental, then \(P_{D,s}\in J_{ns}(K)\otimes\mathbb Q\) and \(Q_{D,s}^+=\pi^+(P_{D,s}^+)\in E(K)\otimes\mathbb Q\). As a generalization of the Gross-Zagier formula by \textit{S.-W. Zhang} [Asian J. Math. 5, No. 2, 183--290 (2001; Zbl 1111.11030)], they show that \(L'(E/K,1)=c\sqrt{D}\langle Q_{D,s}^+,Q_{D,s}^+\rangle\), where \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle\) denotes Néron-Tate pairing and \(c\) is non-zero constant independent on \(D\). The main results concerning relations between \(P_{D,s}^+\) and a Jacobi form are obtained by Borcherds theory and Boylan theory. Define a map \(U\colon\mathfrak Q\to M_2(\mathbb Z)\) by \(U([A,B,C])=\left(\begin{smallmatrix}B&2C\\-2A&-B\end{smallmatrix}\right)\). Let \(L=U(\mathfrak Q_0)\) and \(\beta(x,y)=-tr(x\cdot adj(y))/4p^2\) be the bilinear form in \(L\). Then \((L,\beta)\) is an integral even lattice of rank \(3\) with the dual lattice \(L^\vee=U(\mathfrak Q)\) and the discriminant module \(D_{L}=L^\vee/L\) which is isomorphic to \(\mathbb Z/2p^2\). By denoting this isomorphism by \(\theta\), the coset \(s+L=U(\mathfrak Q_\theta(s))\). For \(d\in\mathbb Q, s\in L^\vee\), let \(Y_{d,s}=\sum_{\{v\in s+L:\beta(v)=d\}/\Gamma_{ns}} z_v \in J_{ns}\otimes\mathbb Q\). By Borcherds theory [\textit{R. E. Borcherds}, Duke Math. J. 97, No. 2, 219--233 (1999; Zbl 0967.11022)], the generating series \(\sum_{s\in D_{L_{ns}}}\sum_{m\in\mathbb Q,m>0}Y_{-m,s}q^me_s\in (J_{ns}\otimes Q)\otimes S_{3/2}(\rho^*_{L})\), where \(S_{3/2}(\rho^*_L)\) is the space of vector-valued cusp forms of weight \(3/2\) with respect to the metapletic cover of \(\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\) and \(\rho^*_{L}\) is the dual of the representation attached to \(D_{L}\), and \(\{e_s\}_{s\in D_{L}}\) is the standard basis of the group ring \(\mathbb C[D_{L}]\). Since \(L\) is not positive definite, to obtain a Jacobi form, it is necessary to consider an even positive definite lattice \(\mathfrak L\) of rank \(9\) stably isomorphic to \(L\). Let \(S_{6,\mathfrak L}\) be the space of Jacobi cusp forms of weight \(6\) and lattice index \(\mathfrak L\). By Boylan theory [\textit{H. Boylan}, Jacobi forms, finite quadratic modules and Weil representations over number fields. Cham: Springer (2015; Zbl 1317.11002)], \(S_{6,\mathfrak L}\simeq S_{3/2}(\rho^*_{\mathfrak L}) \simeq S_{3/2}(\rho^*_{L})\). Since the image of \(Y_{-d,s} (d=D/4p^2)\) to \(J_{ns}^+\otimes\mathbb Q\) is \(2P_{D,\theta(s)}^+\), the authors obtain the Jacobi form \(\psi(\tau,z)=\sum_{s\in \mathfrak L^\vee}\sum_{n\in\mathbb Z}c_\psi(n,s)q^ne^{\beta(n,z)} \in (J_{ns}^+\otimes\mathbb Q)\otimes S_{6,\mathfrak L}\) such that \(P_{D,\theta(s)}^+=c_\psi(\beta(s)-D/4p^2,s)\). On the elliptic curve \(E\), they obtain the Jacobi form \(\psi_E\in S_{6,\mathfrak L}\) such that \(Q_{D,\theta(s)}^+=c_{\psi_E}(\beta(s)-D/4p^2,s)Q\), for some \(Q\in E(\mathbb Q)\otimes \mathbb Q\) which is non-zero if and only if \(L'(E/\mathbb Q,1)\ne 0\). Further they state a relation between \(\psi_E\) and the classical Jacobi form of weight \(2\) and scalar index \(2p^2\) corresponding to \(E\) via the Skoruppa-Zagier lift.