Bernstein functions and rates in mean ergodic theorems for operator semigroups (Q355970)

This paper deals with the rate of convergence in the mean ergodic theorem. More precisely, let \(T_t = e^{-tA}\) be a bounded, strongly continuous semigroup of operators on a Banach space \(X\), generated by \((A,D(A))\), and consider the Cesàro average \[ C_t(A) = \frac 1t\int_0^t T_sx\,ds. \] It is a standard fact that \(C_t(A)x\to y\) iff \(x\) is in the closure of the range of \(A\) and that \(C_t(A)x\to y\) implies that \(y\) is in the kernel of \(A\). This means that we have convergence of \(C_t(A)\) on the subspace \(\mathrm{ker}A\oplus\overline{\mathrm{range}A}\subset X\). The main result of the paper gives precise rates for this convergence depending on the properties of \(x\). This is achieved by a functional calculus. In order to define \(g(A)\) for some function which is analytic on the right-half plane of \(\mathbb C\), the authors extend the classical Hille-Phillips calculus by using a regularization method (this is ``construction two'' of the automatic extensions in the sense of \textit{R. deLaubenfels} [Stud. Math. 114, No. 3, 237--259 (1995; Zbl 0834.47012)]; the method is called ``extended Hille-Phillips calculus'' in [\textit{M. Haase}, The functional calculus for sectorial operators. Operator Theory: Advances and Applications 169. Basel: Birkhäuser (2006; Zbl 1101.47010)]). If \(g\) is a Bernstein function (see [\textit{R. L. Schilling} et al., Bernstein functions. Theory and applications. 2nd revised and extended ed. Berlin: de Gruyter (2012; Zbl 1257.33001)]), the authors show that \(g\) is admissible for the extended Hille-Phillips calculus and that the extended calculus coincides with the functional calculus induced by Bochner's subordination (as in [\textit{R. L. Schilling}, J. Aust. Math. Soc., Ser.~A 64, No.~3, 368--396 (1998; Zbl 0920.47039)], see also [Zbl 1257.33001]). This allows them to formulate the main result: Theorem. Let \(g\) be a Bernstein function such that \[ g(t) = a + bt + \int_{(0,\infty)} (1-e^{-st})\,\mu(ds) \] (the representing triplet \((a,b,\mu)\) uniquely determines \(g\); \(a,b\geq 0\) and \(\mu\) is a positive measure such that the integral converges) and set \[ r(t) = \frac 12 a + \frac 1t b + \int_{(0,\infty)} \frac st\wedge 1\,\mu(ds), \] then \(\mathrm{tr}(t)\) is a strictly positive, increasing and concave function. Moreover, there is always a Bernstein function \(g\) such that any \(\mathrm{tr}(t)\) which is strictly positive, increasing and convex function is connected, as above, with this Bernstein function via the representing triplet \((a,b,\mu)\). Under the assumption that \(g(0+)=0\), it is shown that, for all \(x\) in the domain of \(g(A)\), {\parindent=0.6cm\begin{itemize}\item[(1)] \(\|C_t(A)g(A)x\|\leq 2Mr(t)\|x\|\), where \(M = \sup_s\|T_s\|\); \item[(2)] \(\|C_t(A)g(A)x\| = o(r(t))\) as \(t\to\infty\), provided that \((T_s)_s\) is mean ergodic and \(\lim_{t\to\infty} \mathrm{tr}(t)=\infty\); \item[(3)] \(\|C_t(A)g(A)x\| = O(1/t)\) as \(t\to\infty\) whenever \(\mathrm{tr}(t)=o(1)\) as \(t\to\infty\). \end{itemize}} In particular, one can obtain any convergence rate by a suitable choice of \(g\). If \(f\) is a function such that \(1/f\) is a Bernstein function (e.g., a potential or a Stieltjes function) then the main result can be transferred as follows: Theorem. Assume that \[ f(0+)=\infty \quad\text{and}\quad \text{w-}\lim_{s\to 0}\int_0^\infty e^{-as}T_sx\,\mu(ds)=y, \] then {\parindent=0.6cm\begin{itemize}\item[(1)] for \(x= \frac 1f(A)y\) one has \(\|C_t(A)x\|=O(1/f(1/t))\) as \(t\to\infty\); \item[(2)] \(\|C_t(A)x\|=o(1/f(1/t))\) provided that \(\lim_{t\to\infty} t/f(1/t)=\infty\). \end{itemize}} The paper ends with the discussion of a few important examples.