On special holomorphic distributions and residues (Q6074818)

A codimension-one holomorphic distribution \(\mathcal{F}\) of degree \(d\) on \(\mathbb{P}^{3}\) is given by a 1-form \(\sum_{i=0}^{3} a_{i}dz_{i}\), where the components \(a_{i}\), \(0\leq i\leq 3\), are homogeneous polynomials in \(\mathbb{C}[z_{0},z_{1},z_{2},z_{3}]\) of degree \(d+1\) satisfying \(\sum_{i=0}^{3} z_{i}\cdot a_{i}=0\). On the other hand, the singular set \(\operatorname{sing}(\mathcal{F})\) of \(\mathcal{F}\) is defined by \[\sigma\Big(\Big\{z\in\mathbb{C}^{4}\setminus\{0\}\;\Big|\;a_{i}(z)=0 \text { for }0\leq i\leq 3\Big\}\Big),\] where \(\sigma(z_{0},z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})=[z_{0}:z_{1}:z_{2}:z_{3}]\) is the canonical projection from \(\mathbb{C}^{4}\setminus\{0\}\) to \(\mathbb{P}^{3}\). In the paper under review, the authors study a type of holomorphic distribution \(\mathcal{F}\) for which \(\operatorname{sing}(\mathcal{F})\) is given by the disjoint union of proper closed subschemes \(sing\,(\mathcal{F})=\mathcal{C}\cup\{p_{1},\dots,p_{n}\},\) where \(\mathcal{C}\) is a smooth curve and \(p_{i}\) (\(0\leq i\leq 3\)) are closed points, verifying two conditions: (1) The tangent cone of the resulting distribution \(\widetilde{\mathcal{F}}\) after a blowing-up of \(\mathbb{P}^{3}\) along \(\mathcal{C}\) is not identically zero (i.e., \(\mathcal{F}\) is non dicritical at \(\mathcal{C}\)) and (2) the singular set \(\operatorname{sing}(\widetilde{\mathcal{F}})\) of \(\widetilde{\mathcal{F}}\) has only isolated singularities. Such a distribution is called ``special along \(\mathcal{C}\)'' and never defines a foliation on \(\mathbb{P}^{3}\) (Jouanolou). The key result is that any holomorphic distribution that presents a smooth curve \(\mathcal{C}\) in \(\operatorname{sing}(\mathcal{F})\) can be approximated by a parametric family of special distributions along \(\mathcal{C}\) (Lemma 2.7). This fact allows to obtain a lower bound for the sum of the residues of \(\mathcal{F}\) at isolated singularities, and also an upper bound for the residue of \(\mathcal{F}\) along \(\mathcal{C}\) (Theorem 1). Moreover, the two bounds are given in terms of the degree and Euler's characteristic of \(\mathcal{C}\), the order of vanishing of \(\widetilde{\mathcal{F}}\) over the exceptional divisor and the number of embedded closed points of \(\mathcal{C}\) counted with multiplicities. Finally, the authors characterize special distributions of degree \(d\geq 4\) through its singular scheme under certain restrictions (Theorem 2). This work contains interesting results concerning codimension-one holomorphic distributions on \(\mathbb{P}^{3}\) and their residues. The paper is well written and contains examples in each section.