Riemann-Roch for \(\overline{\operatorname{Spec}\mathbb{Z}}\) (Q6176382)

The paper continues the investigation of the authors into absolute algebraic geometry [Adv. Math. 390, Article ID 107909, 44 p. (2021; Zbl 1478.14047)]. Let \(\overline{\operatorname{Spec}{\mathbb Z}}\) be the Arakelov compactification of \({\operatorname{Spec}{\mathbb Z}}\) and let \(D\) be an Arakelov divisor on \(\overline{\operatorname{Spec}{\mathbb Z}}\). The main object is to find out the Riemann-Roch theorem and the most spectacular result proved in this paper is the absolute Riemann-Roch theorem for \(\overline{\operatorname{Spec}{\mathbb Z}}\) over \({\mathbb S}\)-algebra \({\mathbb S}[\pm 1]\) (Theorem 4.3). In the new preprint by the authors [``Riemann-Roch for the ring $\mathbb Z$'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2306.00456}], they improve their Riemann-Roch formula for \(\overline{\operatorname{Spec}{\mathbb Z}}\) by working over the categorical version of the sphere spectrum (absolute base) \({\mathbb S}\) instead of \({\mathbb S}[\pm 1]\). Below in the paper under review \(\lceil x \rceil^\prime\) is the odd function on \({\mathbb R}\) that agrees with \(\lceil x \rceil\) on positive reals and \(\mathbf{1}_L\) is the characteristic function of the exceptional set \(L\) of finite Lebesgue measure. Theorem 4.3: Let \(D\) be an Arakelov divisor on \(\overline{\operatorname{Spec}{\mathbb Z}}\). Then \[ \dim_{{\mathbb S}[\pm 1]} H^0(D) - \dim_{{\mathbb S}[\pm 1]} H^1(D) = \biggl \lceil \frac{\deg D + \log 2}{\log 3} \biggr \rceil^\prime - \mathbf{1}_L(\deg D). \] To do this, authors first construct in section two the cohomology of the \(\Gamma\)-space \(H(D)\) associated with \(D\) on \(\overline{\operatorname{Spec}{\mathbb Z}}\). Using adeles \({\mathbb A}_{\mathbb Q}\) over \({\mathbb Q}\) by \textit{A. Weil} [Basic number theory. Reprint of the 2nd ed. 1973. Berlin: Springer-Verlag (1995; Zbl 0823.11001)] and the Eilenberg-MacLane functor \(H\), the authors determine for the divisor \(D\) the compact subset \({\mathcal O}(D)\) of \({\mathbb A}_{\mathbb Q}\) and a morphism of \({\mathbb S}[\pm 1]\)-modules \(H{\mathbb Q} \times H{\mathbb A}_{\mathbb Q} \to H{\mathbb A}_{\mathbb Q}\). The construction of these cohomologies is based on the results of papers [Q. J. Math. 72, No. 1--2, 1--29 (2021; Zbl 1484.14003); J. Number Theory 162, 518--551 (2016; Zbl 1409.14046)] by the authors of the paper under review and on the results of the book of Dundas, Goodwillie, McCarthy [\textit{B. I. Dundas} et al., The local structure of algebraic K-theory. London: Springer (2013; Zbl 1272.55002)]. Next two sections of the paper under review build up the techniques needed to prove Theorem 4.3 that involve calculating the dimensions of these cohomologies. Section three studies the cohomology \(H^0(D)\) and gives its dimension: if \(\deg D \ge -\log 2\), then \(\dim_{{\mathbb S}[\pm 1]} H^0(D) = \biggl \lceil \frac{\deg D + \log 2}{\log 3} \biggr \rceil - \mathbf{1}_L\), where \(\mathbf{1}_L\) is the characteristic function of the open set \(L\) (Theorem 3.4). In the fourth section, methods for calculating the dimension of \(H^1(D)\) are developed and a proof of the main Theorem 4.3 is given. In the final section, the authors prove an absolute analogue of Serre's duality theorem. To prove the theorem, Pontryagin duality is extended using results on tolerant \({\mathbb S}\)-modules and \(\Gamma\)-spaces. The appendices contain basics of \({\mathbb S}\)-modules, basics of tolerance \({\mathbb S}\)-modules and basics of the \(\Gamma\)-space \(H(D)\).