Surjectivity of Partial Differential Operators on Gevrey Classes and Extension of Regularity

DOI10.1002/MANA.19981960106MaRDI QIDQ4227963zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 29 March 2000

Published in Mathematische Nachrichten (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1002/mana.19981960106

\(\omega\)-ultradistributions of Roumieu type ultradifferentiable functions of Roumieu type

Fundamental solutions to PDEs and systems of PDEs with constant coefficients (35E05) Convexity properties of solutions to PDEs with constant coefficients (35E10)

Review text

The author studies very carefully the following problem: For which weight functions \(\omega\) and open sets \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^n\) the application \(P(D):{\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}} (\Omega)\to{\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}} (\Omega)\) is surjective, where \(P(D)\) is a linear partial differential operator with constant coefficients, and \({\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}}(\Omega)\) is a nonquasianalytic class of ultradifferentiable functions of Roumieu type. By a weight function \(\omega\) we mean, as usual, an increasing continuous function \(\omega:[0,\infty) \to[0,\infty)\) such that \(\omega(e^t)\leq A(\omega(t)+1)\) for any \(t\geq 0\), \(\int^\infty_0{\omega(t)\over 1+t^2}dt<\infty\), \(\varphi= \omega \circ \exp\) is convex and \(\lim_{x\to \infty}, {\varphi(x) \over x}=\infty\) (these are the conditions of \textit{R. W. Braun}, \textit{R. Meise} and \textit{B. A. Taylor} [Result. Math. 17, No. 3/4, 206-237 (1990; Zbl 0735.46022)]). The starting point is the investigation of a criterion obtained by the author [Dierolf, Susanne (ed.) et al., Functional analysis. Proceedings of the first international workshop held at Trier University, Germany, September 26--October 1, 1994. Berlin: de Gruyter. 249-280 (1996; Zbl 0886.35031)] which characterizes the above surjectivity by means of the existence of some special fundamental solutions. A result obtained is the following: The condition that there exist \(C_k>0\) and \(\nu(z)=\nu(|z|)=o(\omega(z))\) such that for any \(z\in\mathbb{C}^n\) it holds \(P(z)\neq 0\) if \(|\text{Im} z|\leq C_1 \omega(z)\) and if \(\langle N,\text{Im} z\rangle\leq-C_2|\pi (\text{Im} z) |- \nu(z)\) (which is a sufficient condition for surjectivity), where \(N\in \mathbb{R}^n\), \(|N|=1\), and \(\pi\) denotes the orthogonal projection onto \(\langle N\rangle^\perp\), is equivalent to: \(P(D)\) has an elementary solution \(E\in{\mathcal D}_{\{\omega\}} (\mathbb{R}^n)'\) with sing \(\text{supp}_{\{\omega\}} E\subset \Gamma\) for some closed cone \(\Gamma\) such that \(\Gamma\cap \{x\in \mathbb{R}^n \mid\langle x,N \rangle\leq 0\}= \{0\}\). This is obtained by a chain of equivalences using some results of \textit{G. Zampieri} [Rend. Semin. Mat. Univ. Padova 72, 27-44 (1984; Zbl 0569.35016)]. Here \({\mathcal D}_{\{\omega\}}(\mathbb{R}^n)'\) is the space of \(\omega\)-ultradistributions of Roumieu type on \(\mathbb{R}^n\). The author studies also the meaning of condition (loc. cit.) that ensures surjectivity, in the case when the open set is in some sense locally concave, or when \(\partial\Omega\) is of class \({\mathcal C}^1\). In Section 5, the author considers the relation between surjectivity and \(\omega_\rho\)-hypoellipticity or \(\omega_\delta\)-hyperbolicity (the latter means that \(P(x-i\tau N)\neq 0\) if \(\omega_\delta\leq\tau\), where \(\omega_\delta(t)=t^\delta)\). A result we mention is the following: Suppose that \(P(D)\) has elementary solutions \(E_\pm\in \gamma_0^{1/ \delta}(\mathbb{R}^n)'\) with \(\text{supp} E_\pm\subset (0,\infty]N\) for some \(N\in\mathbb{R}^n\). Then the fact that \(\Omega\) is \(P\)-convex is equivalent to the fact that \(P(D)\) has a continuous linear right inverse in \({\mathcal E}_{\{ \omega\}} (\Omega)\) for any weight \(\omega\) with \(\omega_\delta (x)=o(\omega (x))\). Finally, the author gives some results which assert that if \(P\) satisfies some estimate then \(P(D)\) is surjective on \({\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}}(\Omega)\) for some \(\Omega\). A number of interesting examples are given in each paragraph.

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