The Chameleon groups of Richard J. Thompson: Automorphisms and dynamics

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Abstract: The automorphism groups of several of Thompson's countable groups of piecewise linear homeomorphisms of the line and circle are computed and it is shown that the outer automorphism groups of these groups are relatively small. These results can be interpreted as stability results for certain structures of PL functions on the circle. Machinery is developed to relate the structures on the circle to corresponding structures on the line.


Let \(PL_2(\mathbf R)\) denote the set of homeomorphisms \(f: \mathbf R \longrightarrow \mathbf R\) satisfying: \quad (1)\ \(f\) is piecewise linear; \quad (2)\ \(f\) is orientation preserving; \quad (3)\ all slopes of \(f\) are integral powers of 2; \quad (4)\ the ``breaks of \(f\) (discontinuities of \(f'\)) are in a discrete subset of \(\mathbf Z[\frac{1}{2}]\); and \quad (5)\ \(f(\mathbf Z[\frac{1}{2}])\subseteq \mathbf Z[\frac{1}{2}]\). Let \(BPL_2(\mathbf R)\) be the elements \(f\) of \(PL_2(\mathbf R)\) whose support (i.e., the set of points \(x\) such that \(f(x)\neq x\)) is a bounded subset of \(\mathbf R\). Let \(F\) be those elements \(f\) of \(PL_2(\mathbf R)\) that are translations by integers near \(\pm \infty\) in the sense that there are integers \(i\) and \(j\) and a real \(M\) so that \(f(x)=x+i\) for all \(x>|M|\) and \(f(x)=x+j\) for all \(x<-|M|\). One has \(BPL_2(\mathbf R)\subseteq F\). Let \(T\) be those homeomorphisms from \(S^1=\mathbf R/\mathbf Z\) to itself that satisfy (1)--(5) above. Denote by \(\widetilde{PL}_2(\mathbf R)\) and \(\widetilde T\) the groups obtained if in the definitions of \(PL_2(\mathbf R)\) and \(T\) respectively, (2) is replaced by: (2') \(f\) is orientation preserving or orientation reversing. The main result of this paper is the following theorem: Let \(G\) be a group for which \(BPL_2(\mathbf R)\subseteq G \subseteq \widetilde{PL}_2(\mathbf R)\) or \(T\subseteq G \subseteq \widetilde T\). Let \(N(G)\) be the normalizer of \(G\) in \(\text{Homeo}(\mathbf R)\) or \(\text{Homeo}(S^1)\) respectively. Then (i) the natural homomorphism \(N(G)\longrightarrow \text{Aut}(G)\) is an isomorphism, (ii) \(N(G)\subseteq \widetilde {PL}_2(\mathbf R)\) or \(N(G)\subseteq \widetilde T\) whichever applies, (iii) the containment in (ii) is equality whenever \(G\) is one of \(BPL_2(\mathbf R)\), \(PL_2(\mathbf R)\), \(\widetilde {PL}_2(\mathbf R)\), \(T\), \(\widetilde T\), and (iv) if \(N_+(F)\) represents the index 2 subgroup of \(N(F)\) of orientation preserving elements, then there is a short exact sequence \[ 1\longrightarrow F\longrightarrow N_+(F)\longrightarrow T\times T \longrightarrow 1. \]




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