The group of primitive almost Pythagorean triples

DOI10.2140/INVOLVE.2013.6.13MaRDI QIDQ365945zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Nikolai A. Krylov, Lindsay M. Kulzer

Publication date 10 September 2013

Published in Involve (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1107.2860

zbMATH Keywords

Pell conicsrational pointsunit circle

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Quadratic and bilinear Diophantine equations (11D09) Quadratic extensions (11R11)

Abstract: We consider the triples of integer numbers that are solutions of the equation $x^2+q{y}^2=z^2$, where $q$ is a fixed, square-free arbitrary positive integer. The set of equivalence classes of these triples forms an abelian group under the operation coming from complex multiplication. We investigate the algebraic structure of this group and give a complete analysis when $qin2,3,5,6$.

Review text

By sending a Pythagorean triple \((x,y,z)\), i.e., an integral solution of the Pythagorean equation \(x^2 + y^2 = z^2\), to the rational point \((\frac xz, \frac yz)\) one gets a bijection between primitive Pythagorean triples and rational points on the unit circle \(X^2 + Y^2 = 1\). Since the rational points on the unit circle carry a natural group structure (by identifying the pair \((X,Y)\) with the complex number \(X + Yi\)), primitive Pythagorean triples can be given a group structure by transport of structure. It is a classical result (see e.g. \textit{L. Tan} [Math. Mag. 69, No. 3, 163--171 (1996; Zbl 1044.11584)]) that the group of Pythagorean triples is not finitely generated.NEWLINENEWLINEIn this article, the authors consider triples of integers satisfying the equation \(X^2 + qY^2 = Z^2\) for positive integers \(q\). They show that the group of such triples is not finitely generated and determine their precise structure by giving their generators for \(q \in \{2, 3, 5, 6\}\).

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