The log-behavior of some sequences related to a linear recurrence sequence
Let \(\{A_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}\) be a sequence satisfying the recurrence relation \( \left( n+1\right) A_{n+1}=2\left( n+1\right) A_{n}+3\left( n-1\right) A_{n-1} \) with the initial conditions \(A_{0}=1\) and \(A_{1}=1\), and \(\bigtriangleup \) be the (forward) difference operator.\N\NA positive sequence \(\{z_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}\) is called log-convex (log-concave) if \(z_{n}^{2}\leq z_{n-1}z_{n+1}\) \((z_{n}^{2}\geq z_{n-1}z_{n+1})\) for each \( n\geq 1\).\N\NA log-convex sequence \(\{z_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}\) is called log-balanced if \(\{ \frac{z_{n}}{n!}\}_{n\geq 0}\) is log-concave.\N\NIt is clear that a sequence \(\{z_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}\) is log-convex (log-concave) if and only if its quotient sequence \(\{\frac{z_{n+1}}{z_{n}} \}_{n\geq 0}\) is nondecreasing (nonincreasing) and a log-convex sequence \( \{z_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}\) is log-balanced if and only if \(\{\frac{z_{n+1}}{\left( n+1\right) z_{n}} \}_{n\geq 0}\) is nonincreasing.\N\NLog-convexity (Log-concavity) is a fertile source of combinatorial inequalities and plays an important role in many subjects.\N\NThe main purpose of this paper is to investigate the log-behavior of some sequences involving \(A_{n}\). It is mainly shown that \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup ^{2}A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 3}\) and \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup ^{3}A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 3}\) are log-balanced. Moreover, it is proved that some sequences such as \(\left\{ nA_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 1}\), \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup \left( nA_{n}\right) \right\} _{n\geq 1}\), and \(\left\{ n\cdot \bigtriangleup A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 1}\) are log-concave. Also, it is denoted that \(\left\{ n^{n}A_{n}^{n}\right\} _{n\geq 1}\) is log-convex.\N\NThe article is structured as follows.\N\N\begin{itemize}\N\item The first section is ``\underline{Introduction}, where the motivation of the paper and the definitions of the needed terms and notations are stated.\N\N\item The second section is ``\underline{Main Results}, where it is mainly shown that \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 3}\) and \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup ^{2}A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 3}\) are log-balanced. Also, it is proved that \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup ^{3}A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 2}\) is log-convex and \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup ^{3}A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 3}\) is log-balanced. In addition, it is presented that \(\left\{ nA_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 1}\), \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup \left( nA_{n}\right) \right\} _{n\geq 1} \), \(\left\{ n\cdot \bigtriangleup A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 1}\) and \(\left\{ n\cdot \bigtriangleup ^{2}A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 1}\) are log-concave in Section 2. Furthermore, Section 2 provides that \(\left\{ n^{n}A_{n}^{n}\right\} _{n\geq 1}\) is log-convex.\N\N\item The third section is ``\underline{Concluding Remarks}, where the results derived in the paper are analyzed. Also, the following Conjecture is stated:\N\NConjecture 1. For the sequence \(\left\{ A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 0}\), there exists a positive integer \(N\) such that \(\left\{ \bigtriangleup ^{4}A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq N}\geq N\) is log-convex.\N\end{itemize}\N\NAfter these new properties for \(\left\{ A_{n}\right\} _{n\geq 0}\), the development of these features will make a significant contribution to the works in this field.
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