The maximal subgroups of the monster
The classification of the maximal subgroups of the monster \(M\) is mostly complete but it remained to classify the (possible) maximal subgroups of \(M\) that are almost simple with socle isomorphic to one of \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(8)\), \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(13)\), \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(16)\), \(\mathrm{PSU}_3(4)\), or \(\mathrm{PSU}_3(8)\). These cases seemed largely resistant to theoretical arguments, while also posing significant computational difficulties. Wilson ruled out the case \(\mathrm{PSU}_3(8)\) and reported that \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(8)\), \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(16)\) and \(\mathrm{PSU}_3(4)\) had been eliminated in unpublished work. The aim of the authors is to settle all of these questions and thereby complete the solution to the maximal subgroup problem for \(M\). Specifically, they prove the existence of a new maximal subgroups of \(M\), which is isomorphic to the automorphism groups of \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(13)\), and establish that \(M\) has no almost simple maximal subgroup with socle \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(8)\) or \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(16)\). They also correct the claim that \(M\) has no almost simple maximal subgroup with socle \(\mathrm{PSU}_3(4)\), proving that \(M\) contains a maximal subgroup isomorphic to the automorphism group of \(\mathrm{PSU}_3(4)\). Finally, they disprove the existence, proposed in [\textit{P. E. Holmes} and \textit{R. A. Wilson}, J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 69, No. 1, 141--152 (2004; Zbl 1064.20017)], of a subgroup of \(M\) isomorphic to \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(59)\). The unique maximal subgroup of \(M\) containing an element of order \(59\) is \(59:29\).
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