The observability inequalities for heat equations with potentials
The authors mainly study the observability inequality for the heat equation with a time-dependent potential \(V(x,t)\), \N\[\N\begin{cases} y_t-\Delta y+V(x,t)y=0&\quad\text{in}\quad Q_T:=\Omega\times(0,T),\\\Ny=0&\quad\text{on}\quad\Sigma_T:=\partial\Omega\times(0,T),\\\Ny(\cdot,0)=y_0&\quad\text{on}\quad\Omega, \end{cases}\N\] \Nwhere \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^n\) is an open bounded smooth domain, \(n\) is the dimension and the potential \(V\) is with a large norm (say, \(\|V\|_\infty\geq10).\)\N\NThe main result is the following theorem.\N\NTheorem 1.1. Let \(V(x,t)\) be Lipschitz continuous in \(Q_{T}\) and \(y\) the solution of the heat equation above. Then there exists a constant \(C=C(\Omega,\omega)\) such that \N\[\N\|y(\cdot,T)\|_{L^2(\Omega)}\leq\exp\{C(1+T^{-1}+T\|V\|_\infty+\|\nabla V\|_\infty^{1/2}+\|\partial_tV\|_\infty^{1/3})\}\|y\|_{L^2(\omega\times(0,T))},\N\]\Nwhere \(\omega\subset \mathbb{R}^n\) is a nonempty open set in \(\Omega\) and \(\|\cdot\|_\infty\) is the norm of \(L^\infty(Q_T).\)
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