Transformations for Piola-mapped elements
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Variational methods applied to PDEs (35A15) Preconditioners for iterative methods (65F08) Iterative numerical methods for linear systems (65F10) Finite element, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N30) Multigrid methods; domain decomposition for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N55) Symbolic computation and algebraic computation (68W30) Linear elasticity with initial stresses (74B10) Stokes and related (Oseen, etc.) flows (76D07) Finite element, Galerkin and related methods applied to problems in optics and electromagnetic theory (78M10)
Abstract: The Arnold-Winther element successfully discretizes the Hellinger-Reissner variational formulation of linear elasticity; its development was one of the key early breakthroughs of the finite element exterior calculus. Despite its great utility, it is not available in standard finite element software, because its degrees of freedom are not preserved under the standard Piola push-forward. In this work we apply the novel transformation theory recently developed by Kirby [SMAI-JCM, 4:197-224, 2018] to devise the correct map for transforming the basis on a reference cell to a generic physical triangle. This enables the use of the Arnold-Winther elements, both conforming and nonconforming, in the widely-used Firedrake finite element software, composing with its advanced symbolic code generation and geometric multigrid functionality. Similar results also enable the correct transformation of the Mardal-Tai-Winther element for incompressible fluid flow. We present numerical results for both elements, verifying the correctness of our theory.
In this paper, generalized Piola transformation is utilized to incorporate non-standard \(H(\mathrm{div})\) elements, developing techniques for representative finite elements discretizing \(H(\mathrm{div})\) and \(H(\mathrm{div};S\)) in two dimensions: the Mardal-Tai-Winther element for Stokes-Darcy flow, and two exotic, symmetry-enforcing elements for elastic stress. Numerical experiments verify the accuracy of implementations, which can be found in the publicly available Firedrake library. The composability of the implementations is demonstrated with existing patch-based smoothers. Application of Nitsche's method to dual mixed problems is also considered, which is merited by the interaction between the Nitsche and augmented Lagrangian penalties; whose efficacy has been observed numerically when applied to Arnold-Winther elements for linear elasticity.
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