Universal maps on trees
The authors completely characterize universal maps on trees. A tree is a continuum which is the union of a finite collection of arcs, and contains no simple closed curve. If \(X\) and \(Y\) are topological spaces, then a map \(f:X\to Y\) is universal provided that if \(g:X\to Y\) is a map, then there is a point \(x\in X\) such that \(f(x)= g(x)\). Let \(f:R\to S\) be a map of trees. An arc \(rs\) in \(R\) is a subedge of \(R\) provided that: (i) \(rs\) lies in an edge of \(R\); (ii) there is an edge \(ab\) of \(S\) so that \(rs\) is a component of \(f^{-1}(ab)\). The map \(f\) is combinatorial provided that: (i) \(f^{-1}(E_S)= E_R\); (ii) each terminal edge of \(R\) is a subedge of \(R\); (iii) each point of \(R\) lies in a subedge of \(R\); (iv) no edge of \(R\) contains two subedges which map to the same edge of \(S\). The main result is the following Theorem: Let \(f:R\to S\) be a map of trees, with monotone light factorization \(f= lm\). Then \(f\) is universal if and only if there is a subtree \(R'\) of \(R\) such that \(l|_{m(R')}: m(R')\to S\) is a combinatorial map satisfying the following: (i) The folded subedges of \(m(R')\) are paired; (ii) Each edge of \(m(R')\) which is not a subedge contains a folded subedge; (iii) If \(p\) is a branchpoint of order \(n\) in \(m(R')\), then \(l(p)\) has order \(n\) in \(S\).
- Branchpoint Covering Theorems for Confluent and Weakly Confluent Maps
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3252032 (Why is no real title available?)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3190883 (Why is no real title available?)
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