Weighted integrability of polyharmonic functions

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2014.07.020MaRDI QIDQ400991zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Alexander Borichev, Håkan Hedenmalm

Publication date 26 August 2014

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.5088

\(N\)-harmonic functions boundary behaviour cellular decomposition uniqueness theorem weighted integrability

Biharmonic, polyharmonic functions and equations, Poisson's equation in two dimensions (31A30) Boundary value problems for higher-order elliptic equations (35J40)

Abstract: To address the uniqueness issues associated with the Dirichlet problem for the

N

-harmonic equation on the unit disk

D

in the plane, we investigate the

L^{p}

integrability of

N

-harmonic functions with respect to the standard weights

(1 - | z |^{2})^{a l p h a}

. The question at hand is the following. If

u

solves

D e l t a^{N} u = 0

in

D

, where

D e l t a

stands for the Laplacian, and [int_D|u(z)|^p (1-|z|^2)^{alpha}diff A(z)<+infty,] must then

u (z) e q u i v 0

? Here,

N

is a positive integer,

a l p h a

is real, and

0 < p < + i n f t y

;

d i f f A

is the usual area element. The answer will, generally speaking, depend on the triple

(N, p, a l p h a)

. The most interesting case is

0 < p < 1

. For a given

N

, we find an explicit critical curve

-- a piecewise affine function -- such that for

there exist non-trivial functions

u

with

D e l t a^{N} u = 0

of the given integrability, while for

, only

u (z) e q u i v 0

is possible. We also investigate the obstruction to uniqueness for the Dirichlet problem, that is, we study the structure of the functions in

m a t h r m {P H}_{N, a l p h a}^{p} (D)

when this space is nontrivial. We find a fascinating structural decomposition of the polyharmonic functions -- the cellular (Almansi) expansion -- which decomposes the polyharmonic weighted

L^{p}

in a canonical fashion. Corresponding to the cellular expansion is a tiling of part of the

(p, a l p h a)

plane into cells. A particularly interesting collection of cells form the entangled region.

Review text

One of the central questions of the 2D polyharmonic theory is discussed: for which real (negative) \(\alpha\) the implication NEWLINE\[NEWLINE (1 - |z|)^{\alpha} |u(z)\in L^p({\mathbb D}) \Longrightarrow u \equiv 0 \eqno{(1)} NEWLINE\]NEWLINE holds for all \(N\)-harmonic functions in the unit disc \({\mathbb D}\), i.e., for functions satisfying there NEWLINE\[NEWLINE \Delta^N u = 0 NEWLINE\]NEWLINE in the sense of distribution theory?NEWLINENEWLINEThe authors give a complete answer to this question, namely, they find an explicit expression for \(\beta(N, p)\) for which the implication (1) holds iff \(\alpha \leq \beta(N, p)/p\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe behaviour of \(N\)-harmonic functions in the non-uniqueness case for the corresponding Dirichlet problem (that is, for \(\alpha > \beta(N, p)/p\)) is clarified by using an obtained novel decomposition representation of \(N\)-harmonic functions.NEWLINENEWLINEThis decomposition is called by the authors ``cellular decomposition. It is related to the classical Almansi representation, but it is more suitable for the study of the boundary behaviour of polyharmonic functions.NEWLINENEWLINEThe paper has a fundamental character, contains an extended discussion of the recent results in the area.

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