When distribution measures are invariant for dynamical systems
Dynamical aspects of measure-preserving transformations (37A05) Dynamical systems involving transformations and group actions with special properties (minimality, distality, proximality, expansivity, etc.) (37B05) Approximate trajectories, pseudotrajectories, shadowing and related notions for topological dynamical systems (37B65)
A topological dynamical system \(T\colon X\to X\) (where \(X\) is a compact metric space and \(T\) is a continuous map) always has a \(T\)-invariant Borel probability measure \(\mu\) by the \textit{N. Kryloff} and \textit{N. Bogoliouboff}'s theorem [Ann. Math. (2) 38, 65--113 (1937; Zbl 0016.08604)], because the space \(M(X)\) of Borel probability measures on \(X\) is weak* compact and any limit point of the sequence \[\left(\frac1n\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\delta_{T^jx}\right)_{n\geqslant1}\] is automatically \(T\)-invariant. Here the exact orbit viewed as a sequence \((T^nx)_{n\geqslant0}\) is replaced with an arbitrary sequence \((x_n)_{n\geqslant0}\), and the question addressed is this: How close must this sequence be to a real orbit of \(T\) in order to guarantee that any associated `distribution' measure obtained as a limit point of \[\left(\frac1n\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\delta_{x_j}\right)_{n\geqslant1}\] is automatically invariant? \N\N\textit{D. Kwietniak} et al. [Monatsh. Math. 183, No. 4, 625--648 (2017; Zbl 1377.37037)] showed that being an `asymptotic average pseudo-orbit' is sufficient, and the author [J. Differ. Equations 402, 443--462 (2024; Zbl 1557.37020)] showed that being an `asymptotic quasi-orbit' is sufficient (the exact definitions are interesting but not entertaining to explicate). Here some satisfyingly complete answers are found as follows: All distribution measures are invariant if and only if the sequence is an `asymptotic quasi-orbit'; at least one distribution measure is invariant if and only if the sequence is a `proximal quasi-orbit'; finally no distribution measure is invariant if and only if the sequence is a `distal quasi-orbit'.
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