Windows of given area with minimal heat diffusion
Given a bounded Lipschitz domain \(\Omega\) in \(\mathbb{R}^d\) let us consider the lowest eigenvalue \(\lambda_1\) of the Laplacian in \(\Omega\): \[ \lambda_1(D) = \inf \left\{ \int_\Omega |\nabla u|^2 dx: u\in H^1(\Omega),\;u|_D = 0,\;\int_\Omega u^2 = 1 \right\} \] where the boundary conditions are Dirichlet on one part \(D\) of \(\partial \Omega\) and Neumann elsewhere. The main goal of the paper is to show that the variational problem \[ \inf \left\{ \lambda_1(D):\mu(D) = A \right\} \] has a solution. A set \(D\) which solves this problem is called optimal window. The shape of optimal windows is not found in a general case. However, spherical symmetrization arguments give a complete solution when \(\Omega\) is a unit ball in \(\mathbb{R}^d\). The optimal window in a ball is a spherical cap (up to a null set).
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