Zero-dimensional extensions of topologies

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2025.109252MaRDI QIDQ6922423zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Dimitris Georgiou, Yasunao Hattori, Athanasios Megaritis, F. Sereti

Publication date 1 October 2025

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOPOL.2025.109252

covering dimension small inductive dimension zero-dimensional space

Topological spaces and generalizations (closure spaces, etc.) (54A05) Several topologies on one set (change of topology, comparison of topologies, lattices of topologies) (54A10) Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and inequalities, discrete subsets) (54A25) Dimension theory in general topology (54F45)

Review text

Let \(d\) be a topological dimension function such as covering dimension, \(\dim\), or small inductive dimension, \(\operatorname{ind}\). Let \((X, \tau)\) be a topological space. If there is a family \(\{ \tau_i: i \in I \}\) consisting of topologies \(\tau_i\) on \(X\) such that \(\tau = \bigcap_{i\in I} \tau_i\), then the least cardinality of such a family is denoted with \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^d(X, \tau)\) or more simply \({\mathcal{Z}} _0^d(X)\). The Sorgenfrey topologies on the real line \(\mathbb{R}\) show that \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(\mathbb{R})= {\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\dim}(\mathbb{R}) = 2\) and \(2 \leq {\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(\mathbb{R}^n)\leq 2^n\) for every positive integer \(n\). It is shown that if \(X\) is a non-empty \(T_1\) space, then \N\[\N1\leq {\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(X) \leq {\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\dim}(X) \leq |X|.\N\]\NFor a given pair of integers \(m, n\) with \(1\leq m\leq n\), the authors raise the question of existence of a \(T_1\) space \(X\) such that \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(X) = m\) and \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\dim}(X) = n\). The authors construct two non-Hausdorff \(T_1\) spaces \(A\) and \(B\) such that \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(A) = {\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\dim}(A)= 3 \) and \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(B) = {\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\dim}(B)= 4\). They also present, for a each integer \(n\geq 5\), a non-Hausdorff \(T_1\) space \(X_n\) such that \N\[\N2 \leq {\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(X_n) \leq {\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\dim}(X_n) \leq n.\N\]\NThe paper contains several open problems. To mention only three: If \(Q\) is the space of rationals with the cofinite topology, is it true that \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(Q) = \aleph_0\). Is it true that \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\dim}(\mathbb{R}^n) = 2\) for every positive integer \(n\)? Is there a metrizable space \(X\) with \({\mathcal{Z}}_0^{\operatorname{ind}}(X) > 2\)?

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