Unfolding of the Hamiltonian triangle vector field (Q548717): Difference between revisions

The system in the title is the quadratic system \(X\): \[ \dot x = x[\beta - \beta x - (\beta + )y],\quad \dot y = y[-\alpha + (\alpha + 1) x + \alpha y] \] of differential equations on \({\mathbb R}^2\), which has the first integral \(H = x^\alpha y^\beta (x + y - 1)\). It has a center at \(p_{\alpha \beta} = (\alpha / ( \alpha + \beta + 1), \beta / ( \alpha + \beta + 1))\) whose period annulus is bounded by the triangle formed by the invariant lines \(x = 0\), \(y = 0\), and \(x + y - 1 = 0\). Its general unfolding within the family of quadratic systems is \(X_\varepsilon\): \[ \dot x = x[\beta - \beta x - (\beta + )y] + \varepsilon_0 x^2 + \varepsilon_1 y^2,\quad \dot y = y[-\alpha + (\alpha + 1) x + \alpha y] + \varepsilon_0 y^2 + \varepsilon_2 x^2. \] Let \(\varepsilon_3 = \alpha - 1\), \(\varepsilon_4 = \beta - 1\), and \(\varepsilon = (\varepsilon_0, \dots, \varepsilon_4)\). In this paper, the authors prove that near the center the displacement function \(\delta(\varepsilon, h)\) of \(X_\varepsilon\) for \(\varepsilon\) near zero and level \(h\) near \(H(p_{\alpha \beta})\) is \(\delta = \sum_{j=1}^4 \mu_j (J_j + \cdots)\), where each \(\mu_j\) is an explicitly given polynomial in \((\varepsilon_0, \dots, \varepsilon_4)\) and each \(J_j\) is the integral of an explicitly given rational function over the oval bounded by \(H = h\). This work completes and corrects earlier work of H.~Żołądek.