Fréchet spaces of general Dirichlet series (Q2050207): Difference between revisions

This interesting article continues a series of recent articles on general Dirichlet series, which combine classical results from the deep analysis due to Hardy and Riesz with various topics from modern analysis like complex analysis, functional analysis in Banach and Fréchet spaces, Fourier analysis on the real line, and harmonic analysis on compact abelian groups. Given a frequency \(\lambda= (\lambda_n)\), that is, a strictly increasing unbounded sequence of nonnegative real numbers, a \(\lambda\)-Dirichlet series is a formal series of the form \(D= \sum a_n e^{-\lambda_n s}\), where \(s\) is a complex variable and \(a_n \in \mathbb{C}\) are the Dirichlet coefficients. General Dirichlet series naturally converge on half planes \(\mathbb{C}_{\sigma}:=\{s \in \mathbb{C} \mid \Re s > \sigma \}\), and they define holomorphic functions on them. The most important example of a frequency is given by \(\lambda = (\log n)\) that gives ordinary Dirichlet series. The modern theory of Dirichlet series involves the intertwining of classical work with functional analysis, harmonic analysis, infinite dimensional holomorphy, probability theory, and analytic number theory. The Banach space of Dirichlet series that define a bounded holomorphic function on the half plane \(\mathbb{C}_0\) plays a major role within this modern approach since the seminal work of \textit{H. Hedenmalm} et al. [Duke Math. J. 86, No. 1, 1--37 (1997; Zbl 0887.46008)]. Given a frequency \(\lambda\), the space \(\mathcal{D}_{\infty}(\lambda)\) of all \(\lambda\)-Dirichlet series that define a bounded holomorphic function on \(\mathbb{C}_0\) was defined and studied by \textit{I. Schoolmann} [Math. Nachr. 293, No. 8, 1591--1612 (2020; Zbl 07261807)]. In the article under review, the authors investigate topological and geometrical properties of the space \(\mathcal{D}_{\infty,+}(\lambda)\) of all \(\lambda\)-Dirichlet series that converge to a (necessarily holomorphic) function which is bounded on each half plane \(\mathbb{C}_{\sigma}\) with \(\sigma >0\). This is motivated by the work of the reviewer, who studied the case of ordinary Dirichlet series in [Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 61, No. 4, 933--942 (2018; Zbl 1431.46002)]. The jump from the ordinary Dirichlet series to an arbitrary frequency is challenging. In fact, much of the theory for ordinary series relies on Bohr's theorem, which in particular implies that each ordinary Dirichlet series which converges to a bounded function on some half plane \(\mathbb{C}_{\sigma}\), in fact converges uniformly on each smaller half plane \(\mathbb{C}_{\mu}\) with \(\mu > \sigma\). However, for general Dirichlet series, the validity of Bohr's theorem depends very much on the frequency, as deep results by \textit{A. Defant} and \textit{I. Schoolmann} [J. Funct. Anal. 279, No. 5, Article ID 108569, 36 p. (2020; Zbl 1470.43006)] reveal. The structure of the metrizable locally convex spaces \(\mathcal{D}_{\infty,+}(\lambda)\) is thoroughly studied. First of all it is shown that they are always Schwartz. Then the following properties are considered: completeness, barrelledness, Montel, the monomials being a Schauder basis, and nuclearity. It is proved that for \(\mathcal{D}_{\infty,+}(\lambda)\) the first three properties are equivalent, and that they hold if and only if Bohr's theorem holds for \(\lambda\) and, in this case, the space can be identified with a countable projective limit of certain Hardy spaces on so-called Dirichlet groups and the limit functions defined by the Dirichlet series in \(\mathcal{D}_{\infty,+}(\lambda)\) have a natural description in terms of uniformly almost periodic functions on the right half plane. The monomials are a Schauder basis whenever Bohr's theorem holds for \(\lambda\). Those frequencies for which the space \(\mathcal{D}_{\infty,+}(\lambda)\) is nuclear are characterized. Moreover, the authors present a more general setting, which allows them to study various similar types of metrizable locally convex spaces of general Dirichlet series with similar ideas. This allows them to incorporate not only \(\mathcal{D}_{\infty,+}(\lambda)\) but also Hardy-type Fréchet spaces generated by \(\mathcal{H}_p(\lambda)\), \(1 \leq p \leq \infty\), following what was done by \textit{T.~Fernández Vidal} et al. [Math. Z. 299, No.~1--2, 1103--1129 (2021; Zbl 1486.46003)]. It is worth mentioning that this study on Fréchet spaces of general Dirichlet series requires independent interesting issues within related Banach spaces, such as the hypercontractivity of translation operators, or Montel-type theorems for Banach spaces of uniformly \(\lambda\)-almost-periodic functions.