Codimension 3 non-resonant bifurcations of rough heteroclinic loops with one orbit flip (Q2641567): Difference between revisions

This paper presents three bifurcation theorems from a non-principal rough heteroclinic loop of a four dimensional real autonomous differential system under a perturbation of codimension \(3\). These theorems investigate the bifurcation of a heteroclinic loop, a homoclinic loop and a periodic orbit. The main tool used to state and prove these results is to take local coordinates along the considered heteroclinic loop and to deduce the principal term of the Poincaré return map, which determines the studied bifurcations. Let us consider a \(\mathcal{C}^r\) system, with \(r\geq 7\), of the form \(\dot{z}=f(z)\), \(z \in \mathbb{R}^4\). We assume that this system has a heteroclinic loop \(\Gamma=\Gamma_1 \cup \Gamma_2\) with singular points \(p_1\) and \(p_2\). The hypothesis that \(\Gamma\) is rough is implied by assuming that a ratio of the eigenvalues of \(p_1\) and \(p_2\) is not \(1\). The orbit \(\Gamma_1\) is assumed to be a non-principal heteroclinic orbit that takes orbit flip and the orbit \(\Gamma_2\) is assumed to be principal. Under these hypothesis, a perturbation of the form \(\dot{z}=f(z)+g(z,\mu)\) is taken, where \(\mu \in \mathbb{R}^3\) and \(g(z,\mu)\) is a \(\mathcal{C}^r\) function with \(g(p_i, \mu)=0\) for \(i=1,2\) and \(g(z,0)=0\). The main results of the paper study the existence, nonexistence, uniqueness and coexistence of a heteroclinic loop bifurcation, a homoclinic loop bifurcation and a periodic orbit bifurcation. In particular, the existence of two-fold and three-fold periodic orbit bifurcation is proved.