Rate of growth of hypercyclic entire functions (Q5951547): Difference between revisions

A continuous linear operator \(T: X \to X\) on a linear topological space \(X\) is called hypercyclic if there is a vector \(x \in X\) whose orbit \(\{T^n x : n \in {\mathbb N}_0 \}\) under \(T\) is dense in \(X\). The vector \(x\) is then called \(T\)-hypercyclic. G. R. MacLane obtained a result that has become a cornerstone of the theory of hypercyclic operators. He showed that there exists an entire function \(f\) such that for every entire function \(g\) there is a sequence \(\{n_k\}\) of nonnegative integers with \(f^{n_k}(z) \to g(z) \) locally uniformly in \({\mathbb C}\). Equivalently, there is an element \(f\) in the space \(H({\mathbb C}) \) of the entire functions for which the set \(\{f^{(n)} : n \in {\mathbb N}_0\}\) of all derivatives of \(f\) is dense in \(H({\mathbb C})\) with its natural topology of local uniform convergence. In other words, MacLane's theorem says that the operator of differentiation \(D: H({\mathbb C}) \to H({\mathbb C})\), \( f \to f'\), is hypercyclic. \textit{S. M. Duyos-Ruiz} [Sov. Math., Dokl. 27, 9-13 (1983; Zbl 0549.30017)] noted that no \(D\)-hypercyclic function can be of exponential type less than 1. The author [Complex Variables, Theory Appl. 15, 193-196 (1990; Zbl 0682.30021)], obtained the following sharp result. Given any \(\varphi : {\mathbb R}^+ \to {\mathbb R}^+\), with \(\varphi(r) \to \infty \) as \(r \to \infty\) there exists a \(D\)-hypercyclic entire function \(f\) with \[ f(z) = O(\varphi(r) \frac{e^r}{\sqrt r}), \quad z = r \to \infty, \] while there can be no \(D\)-hypercyclic entire function \(f\) with \[ f(z) = O\left(\frac{e^r}{\sqrt r} \right). \] This result can be interpreted as saying that \(\frac{e^r}{\sqrt r}\) is the critical rate of growth for \(D\)-hypercyclicity. In the paper under review, the author determines the critical rate of growth for the class of weighted (backward) shift operators which contain \(D\). A continuous linear operator \(T: H({\mathbb C}) \to H({\mathbb C}) \) is called \textit{weighted (backward) shift operator } if there is a sequence \(\{a_n\}\) of non-zero complex numbers such that \[ T\left( \sum_{n=0}^\infty c_nz^n \right) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_{n+1}c_{n+1}z^n. \tag{dos} \] The sequence \(\{a_n\}\) is called the \textit{weight sequence}. The author gives answers to the following questions under certain assumptions on the weight \( a = \{a_n\}\): Given an hypercyclic weighted shift \(T\) on \(H({\mathbb C})\), what are the permissible rates of growth of \(T\)-hypercyclic entire functions? Does \(T\) have a dense hypercyclic vector manifold of functions satisfying a given permissible growth condition? Does a critical rate of growth exist for \(T\)? What is the critical rate of growth if it exists? For each weight sequence \(\{a_n\}\) , it is assumed that satisfies the condition \[ \lim_{n \to \infty} \left|\prod_{j=1}^n a_j \right|^{\frac{1}{n}}, \tag{1} \] which implies \(T\) is hypercyclic, and a \textit{maximun term } \(\mu_a\) is associated to it, where \[ \mu_a(r) = \max_{n \in {\mathbb N}_0} \frac{r^n}{\prod_{j=1}^n a_j}, \quad r \geq 0. \] In Theorem 1, the author proves that if \(T\) is a weighted shift operator on \(H({\mathbb C})\) whose weight sequence satisfies (1), and if \(\varphi :{\mathbb R}^+ \to {\mathbb R}^n\) is a function with \(\varphi(r) \to \infty \) as \(r \to \infty\), then there is a \(T\)-hypercyclic entire function \(f\) with \[ f(z) = O(\varphi(r) \mu_a(r)) \quad \text{as }z = r \to \infty. \] Indeed, \(T\) has a dense hypercyclic vector manifold of functions satisfying this growth condition. This result is completed in Theorem 2 where is shown that \(\mu_a(r)\) is the critical rate of growth in the sense that, if the weight sequence satisfies the called \textit{weak monotonicity condition} then there exists no \(T\)-hypercyclic entire function \(f\) with \[ f(z) = O(\mu_a(r)) \quad \text{as} z = r \to \infty. \] {}.