Binomial \(D\)-modules (Q961477): Difference between revisions

The authors define and study binomial D-modules. The notion of binomial D-modules generalizes the notion of binomial Horn systems, which in turn are reformulations of classical Horn systems. The \(A\)-hypergeometric systems (or GKZ-hypergeometric systems) are well-known examples of binomial D-modules. To fix notations, let (i) \(B\) be an \(n \times m\) matrix with integer entries such that \(B\) has rank \(m\) and such that any non-zero integer vector in the column space of \(B\) has two entries with different signs; (ii) \(A\) be a \(d \times n\) matrix with \(d = m-n\) such that \(AB = 0\) and such that all columns of \(A\) lie in a single open linear half-space of \(\mathbb R^d\). For any \(\beta \in \mathbb C^d\), the binomial Horn system with parameter \(\beta\) is the left ideal \(H(B,\beta)\) in the \(n\)'th Weyl algebra over \(\mathbb C\) generated by the ideal \(I(B) \subseteq k[\mathbf \partial]\) generated by certain binomials in the partial derivatives \(\partial_1, \dots, \partial_n\), together with the operators \(E_i - \beta_i\) for \(1 \leq i \leq n\), where \(E_i\) are certain Euler derivations. Notice that the \(n\)th Weyl algebra has a positive \(\mathbb Z^d\)-grading given by \(\deg(x_i) = \mathbf a_i\) (the \(i\)'th column of \(A\)) and \(\deg(\partial_i) = - \mathbf a_i\). The ideal \(I(B) \subseteq k[\pmb \partial]\) defining a binomial Horn system is \(A\)-graded. When we replace \(I(B)\) by any \(A\)-graded ideal \(I \subseteq k[\pmb \partial]\), we may define a left ideal \(H_A(I,\beta)\) generalizing \(H(B,\beta)\), and the binomial D-modules are the cyclic left D-modules \(D/H_A(I,\beta)\). The purpose of this paper is to answer the following questions completely and precicely for any Horn system: (1) For which parameters does the space of local holomorphic solutions around a nonsingular point have finite dimension over \(\mathbb C\)? (2) What is a combinatorial formula for the minimum of such dimension, over all possible choices of parameters? (3) Which parameters are generic, in the sense that the minimum dimension is attained? (4) How do (the supports of) series solutions centered at the origin look, combinatorially? (5) When is \(D/H_A(I,\beta)\) a holonomic D-module? (6) When is \(D/H_A(I,\beta)\) a regular holonomic D-module? The answers to these questions are given as follows: (1) Finite dimension exactly when \(-\beta\) lies outside of the so-called Andean arrangement (5) holonomic D-module exactly when the dimension is finite in (1), (6) holonomic D-modules are regular holonomic D-modules when \(I\) is standard graded. Conversely, if the D-module is regular holonomic, then \(I\) must be standard graded. The remaining questions are also answered in the paper. This article relies heavily on the explicit lattice-point description of the primary components of an arbitrary binomial ideal in characteristic zero. This description is given in another paper by the authors; see [\textit{A. Dickenstein, L. F. Matusevich} and \textit{E. Miller}, Math. Z. 264, No. 4, 745--763 (2010; Zbl 1190.13017)].