Long time dynamics of Schrödinger and wave equations on flat tori (Q2631728): Difference between revisions

The authors study the long time dynamics of two equations on flat torus $\mathbb{T}^d_\mathcal{L} := \mathbb{R}^d / \mathcal{L}$, where $ \mathcal{L}$ is a lattice \[ \mathcal{L} := \Big\{ \sum_{i=1}^d m_i \mathbf{v}_i : m_i \in \mathbb{Z} \Big\}, \] where $\mathbf{v}_1, \ldots, \mathbf{v}_d \in \mathbb{R}^d $ are linearly independent vectors. The first equation is \[ \mathrm{i} \partial_t \psi = - \Delta_\mathcal{L} \psi + V(t, x) \psi \, , \quad x \in \mathbb{T}^d\, ,\tag{1} \] with the anisotropic Laplacian \[ \Delta_\mathcal{L} := \sum_{a,b = 1}^d \partial_{x_a} [W^\top W]_{a}^b \partial_{x_b} = \sum_{a,b,l = 1}^d W^a_l W_{l}^b \partial^2_{x_a x_b} \, , \] where $V(t,x)$ is a smooth real valued potential, periodic on the lattice $\mathcal{L}$, where $ W = (W_a^b)_{a,b=1, \ldots, d} $ is the $d \times d$ invertible matrix \( W := {\mathbf{V}}^{-t} \), \( \mathbf{V}:= (\mathbf{v}_1 | \cdots | \mathbf{v}_d) \) (with $ \mathbf{V}^{-t} $ the transpose matrix of $ \mathbf{V}^{- 1} $) associated to the dual lattice. As phase space, the Sobolev spaces of periodic functions serves: \[ H^r = \Big\{ \psi = \sum_{j \in \mathbb{Z}^d} \psi_j e^{\mathrm{i} j \cdot x } \in L^2(\mathbb{T}^d, \mathbb{C}) \, : \|\psi\|_r^2 := \sum_{j \in \mathbb{Z}^d} \langle j \rangle^{2r} |\psi_j|^2 < \infty \Big\} \] where $ \langle j \rangle := \sqrt{1+|j|^2} $. The first main result reads as follows. Theorem 1. Consider Schrödinger equation (1) with potential $V$ in $ C^\infty(\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{T}^d, \mathbb{R})$ satisfying \[ \sup_{ (t,x)\in \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{T}^d }\big|\partial_t^\ell \partial_x^{\alpha} V(t,x)\big| \leq C_{\ell,\alpha} \, , \quad \forall \ell \in \mathbb{N} \, , \ \ \forall \alpha \in \mathbb{N}^d .\tag{2} \] Then, for any $r >0$, for any $\epsilon >0$, there exists a constant $C_{r,\epsilon} >0$ such that each solution $\psi(t)$ of (1) with initial datum $\psi_0 \in H^r$ fulfills \[ \|\psi(t)\|_r \leq C_{r,\epsilon} \langle t \rangle^\epsilon \, \|\psi_0\|_r.\tag{3} \] Two other considered equations are \[ u_{tt} - \Delta_\mathcal{L} u + m u = \epsilon f(\omega t, x, u) \, , \qquad \mathrm{i} u_t - \Delta_\mathcal{L} u + m u = \epsilon g(\omega t, x, u) \, , \quad x \in \mathbb{T}^d,\tag{4} \] where $f \in C^q(\mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{T}^d \times \mathbb{R}; \mathbb{R})$, resp. $g \in C^q(\mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{T}^d \times \mathbb{C}; \mathbb{C})$ for some $q$ large enough and \[ g(\omega t, x, u) = \partial_{\bar u} F(\omega t, x, u) \in \mathbb{R} \, , \qquad \forall u \in \mathbb{C}.\tag{5} \] The frequency $\omega \in \mathbb{R}^n$ is constrained to a fixed direction: \[ \omega = \lambda \bar \omega \, , \qquad \lambda \in \Lambda := [\frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}] \, , \qquad \sum_{p=1}^n |\bar\omega_p| \leq 1 \, .\tag{6} \] The vector $\bar\omega \in \mathbb{R}^n$ is assumed to be Diophantine \[ |\bar \omega \cdot \ell| \geq \frac{2 \gamma_0}{|\ell|^{\tau_0}} \, , \quad \forall \ell \in \mathbb{Z}^n\setminus \{0\} \, ,\tag{7} \] for some for some $\tau_0 \geq n$, where $| \ell | := \max(|\ell_1|, \ldots, |\ell_n|)$. The search for quasi-periodic solutions of (4) is reduced to finding periodic in $(\varphi, x) \in \mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{T}^d$ solutions $u(\varphi, x)$ solutions to the equations \[ (\omega\cdot \partial_\varphi)^2 u - \Delta_\mathcal{L} u + m u = \epsilon f(\varphi, x, u ) \, , \qquad \mathrm{i} \omega \cdot \partial_\varphi u - \Delta_\mathcal{L} u + m u = \epsilon g(\varphi, x, u) \, ,\tag{8} \] with $u$ belonging to some Sobolev space $H^s(\mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{T}^d)$. The second main result is the following theorem. Theorem 2. Consider the NLW equation (4) or the NLS equation (4)--(5) and assume (6)--(7). Then there are $s, q \in \mathbb{R} $ such that, for any $ f $, $ g \in C^{q}$ and for all $\epsilon\in[0,\epsilon_{0})$ with $\epsilon_{0}>0$ small enough, there is a map \[ u_\epsilon\in C^{1}([\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}],H^{s}(\mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{T}^d)) \, ,\qquad \sup_{\lambda \in [\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}]} \|u_\epsilon (\lambda)\|_{H^{s}(\mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{T}^d)}\to 0,\text{ as }\epsilon\to0 \, , \] and a Cantor-like set $\mathcal{C}_{\epsilon}\subset[\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}]$, satisfying $\operatorname{meas}(\mathcal{C}_{\epsilon})\to1\text{ as }\epsilon\to 0 $, such that, for any $\lambda \in\mathcal{C}_{\epsilon}$, $u_\epsilon (\lambda)$ is a solution of (8), with $\omega=\lambda \bar \omega$.