Nonlinear equivalence of Banach spaces based on Birkhoff-James orthogonality. II (Q2673026): Difference between revisions

In a Banach space \(\mathbb{X}\), an element \(x\) is said to be Birkhoff-James orthogonal to another element \(y\), written as \( x \perp_{BJ} y,\) if \( \| x + \lambda y \| \geq \|x\| \) for all scalars \(\lambda\). A Banach space \(\mathbb{X}\) is said to be isomorphic to another Banach space \(\mathbb{Y}\) with respect to the structure of Birkhoff-James orthogonality, written as \( \mathbb{X} \sim_{BJ} \mathbb{Y}\), if there exists a bijective mapping \( T : \mathbb{X} \to \mathbb{Y}\) such that \( x \perp_B y \) in \( \mathbb{X}\) if and only if \( Tx \perp_B Ty \) in \(\mathbb{Y}\). Such a mapping \(T\) is known as Birkhoff-James orthogonality preserver and \(T\) is not necessarily linear. It is proved that, if \( \mathbb{X}\) is a finite-dimensional Banach space, then \(\mathbb{X} \sim_{BJ} \mathbb{Y}\) if and only if \(\dim \mathbb{X} = \dim \mathbb{Y}\). One of the most interesting result of the paper is the characterization of Hilbert spaces among all Banach spaces (with dimension \( \geq 3\) ) using orthogonality. To be precise, it is proved that, if \(\mathbb{X}\) is a Banach space with \(\dim \mathbb{X} \geq 3\) and \( \mathbb{X} \sim_{BJ} \mathbb{H}\), where \(\mathbb{H}\) is a Hilbert space, then \(\mathbb{X}= \mathbb{H}.\) For Part~I see [\textit{R. Tanaka}, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 505, No. 1, Article ID 125444, 12 p. (2022; Zbl 1486.46017)].