Singularities of moduli spaces of sheaves on $K3$ surfaces and Nakajima quiver varieties (Q1744559)

This carefully written paper investigates the connection between singular moduli spaces of sheaves on a $K3$ surface and Nakajima's quiver varieties, connection already present in the work of \textit{D. B. Kaledin} et al. [Invent. Math. 164, No. 3, 591--614 (2006; Zbl 1096.14037)]. Let $S$ be a $K3$ surface and $F$ a coherent sheaf on it; denote by $v=v(F)$ the Mukai vector of $F$. Given a polarization $H$, the moduli space $M_H(v)$ of $H$-semistable sheaves with Mukai vector $v$ is known to be singular in the following cases: when the Mukai vector is not primitive or when the Mukai vector is primitive but the polarization is not $v$-general. In the paper the latter case is treated. In [Lectures on Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (1999; Zbl 0949.14001)], \textit{H. Nakajima} described the Hilbert-Chow morphism of the Hilbert scheme of points on a holomorphic symplectic surface via quiver varieties. In this paper this result is carried over moduli spaces $M_H(v)$ where $v$ is the Mukai vector of a pure sheaf of dimension 1 and $H$ is not $v$-general. Let $H_0$ be a polarization of $S$, to a singular point $x\in M_{H_0}(v)$ it corresponds a unique up to isomorphism $H_0$-polystable sheaf $F=\bigoplus_{i=1}^s F_i\otimes V_i$ for some stable sheaves $F_i$ and vector spaces $V_i$ of dimension $n_i$. The group $\Aut(F)$ is then isomorphic to $G:=\prod GL(n_i)$. For such a sheaf $F$ the authors define a quiver $Q$ with $s$ vertices and edges determined by the dimensions of $\operatorname{Ext}^1(F_i,F_j)$. Let $\mathbf{n}=(n_i)$ and let $\mathfrak{M}_0$ be the quiver variety associated to the quiver $Q$, dimension vector $\mathbf{n}$ and the trivial character of $G$. Then the first part of the main theorem shows the existence of a local analytic isomorphism $\psi:(\mathfrak{M}_0,0)\cong (M_{H_0}(v), [F])$. The symplectic resolutions of singularities of the moduli spaces $\mathfrak{M}_0$ and $M_{H_0}(v)$ admit a description in terms of a wall-and-chamber structure on the ample cone $\operatorname{Amp}(S)$ and on $\mathbf{n}^{\perp}\otimes \mathbb{Q}$ respectively. The second part of the main theorem shows that these resolutions correspond to each other via $\psi$ and gives an explicit formula that associates to a polarization $H$ in $\operatorname{Amp}(S)$ a character $\chi_H$ of $G$ inducing the correspondence between the chambers. In the proof of the main theorem several techniques are used. Firstly, it is shown that the deformation space of a pure sheaf of dimension 1 is a complete intersection of quadrics. This is done by reducing to the result of \textit{Z. Zhang} about dgla-formality for positive rank sheaves, [Mosc. Math. J. 12, No. 4, 863--879 (2012; Zbl 1388.14039)]. As a consequence the deformation functor of $F$ has a formal deformation space $\operatorname{Def}_F$ which can be described as the zero locus of the second order term $\kappa_2$ of the Kuranishi map, in formula: $\operatorname{Def}_F\cong \kappa_2^{-1}(0)$. The latter is in turn showed to be $G$-equivariantly isomorphic to the zero locus of the moment map defining the quiver variety $\mathfrak{M}_0$. This gives the claimed local analytic isomorphism between the relative quotients. In the last section the proof of the main theorem is given and ``uses the geometry of the Quot scheme, of an étale slice around a point corresponding to $F$, and certain natural determinant bundles''.