Singularities in mixed characteristic via perfectoid big Cohen-Macaulay algebras (Q2052356)

The goal of this work is to develop tools to better understand singularities in mixed characteristic. As multiplier and test ideals have been critical to the understanding of singularities in equicharacteristic, the authors extend the big Cohen-Macaulay test ideals developed by \textit{F. Perez} and \textit{R. R.G.} [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., Ser. B 8, 754--787 (2021; Zbl 1487.13024)] to the mixed characteristic setting. They prove that these BCM-test ideals are independent of the big Cohen-Macaulay $R^+$-algebra $B$ chosen as long as $B$ is sufficiently large. They show that the characteristic $p>0$ notions are in fact equivalent to the mixed characteristic notions and they establish relationships with characteristic $0$, which we illustrate in the following table: \begin{align*} \text{Characteristic } p>0 \qquad&\text{Mixed characteristic } (0,p) & \text{Characteristic } 0\\ F\text{-regular}\qquad& \mathrm{BCM}_B\text{-regular}& \text{KLT}\\ F\text{-rational} \qquad & \mathrm{BCM}_B\text{-rational}& \text{pseudorational} \\ \tau(R, \Delta) \qquad & \tau_B(R, \Delta)& \mathcal{J}(R, \Delta)\\ \tau(\omega_R)\qquad & \tau_B(\omega_R)& \mathcal{J}(\omega_R) \end{align*} As with (characteristic $p$) test ideals and multiplier ideals, they show that $\mathrm{BCM}_B$-test ideals are stable under small perturbations. They also show that $\mathrm{BCM}_B$-test ideals behave similar to characteristic $p$ test ideals under finite maps. As \textit{M. Hochster} and \textit{C. Huneke} [Mém. Soc. Math. Fr., Nouv. Sér. 38, 119--133 (1989; Zbl 0699.13003)] used localization to produce elements in the characteristic $p$ test ideal, localization can also help us to determine elements in the $\mathrm{BCM}_B$-test ideal $\tau_B(R, \Delta).$ They also prove that these test ideals restrict well when $R$ is a complete normal ring; in particular, if $h \in R$ such that $R/hR$ is normal; $\Delta$ is a $\mathbb{Q}$-divisor so that $K_R+ \Delta$ has index not divisible by $p$; and $\Delta$ and $V(h)$ have no common components, then for $1 > \epsilon >0$ and for every $R^+$-algebra $B$ there is an $(R/hR)^+$-algebra $C$ so that $\tau_C(R/hR, \Delta|_{R/hR}) \subseteq \tau_B(R, \Delta+(1-\epsilon) \mathrm{div}_R(h))R/hR$. They also address how $F$-rational and $F$-regular singularities vary as one varies the characteristic, including some helpful examples and pictures.