3-Selmer groups, ideal class groups and the cube sum problem
Let \(E_a : y^2=x^3+a\) (with \(a\in \mathbb{Z}\)) be an elliptic curve with CM by the ring of integers of \(K=\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_3)\), and let \(\phi:E_a\longrightarrow E'_a\) be a 3-isogeny with dual isogeny \(\widehat{\phi}_a\) and \(E'_a=E_{-\frac{a}{27}}\) or \(E_{-27a}\) according to \(a\equiv 0\pmod{27}\) or not. The paper provides a very explicit method to perform a 3-descent via the isogenies \(\phi_a\) and \(\widehat{\phi}_a\), i.e., to compute Sel\(^{\phi_a}(E_a/K)\) and Sel\(^{\widehat{\phi}_a}(E'_a/K)\) (and the corresponding groups over \(\mathbb{Q}\)). Basic Galois cohomology, results of \textit{M. Bhargava} et al. [J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 101, No. 1, 299--327 (2020: Zbl 1458.11091)] and the fact that \(\zeta_3\in K\) show that Sel\(^{\phi_a}(E_a/K)\) consists of elements of \(K(\sqrt{a})^*/(K(\sqrt{a})^*)^3\) if \(a\not\in (K^*)^2\) (or of \(K^*/(K^*)^3\times K^*/(K^*)^3\) if \(a\in (K^*)^2\)) having norm 1 and satisfying the usual local conditions.\N\NThe heart of the paper consists of local computations describing explicitly those local conditions. With that and results from \textit{E. Schaefer} [J. Number Theory 56, No. 1, 79--114 (1996: Zbl 0859.11034)]) the authors provide lower and upper bounds for the Selmer groups in terms of orders or 3-ranks of class groups of certain quadratic extensions of \(K\) (again distinguishing between the cases \(a\in (K^*)^2\) or not).\N\NIn the final section the bounds are applied to large classes of specific examples, for which they provide the actual order or 3-rank of the Selmer groups (sometimes leading also to the finiteness of the Tate-Shafarevich groups). In particular it is shown that a positive proportion of curves in these classes have \(Sel_3(E_a/\mathbb{Q})\) of dimension 0 or 1 over \(\mathbb{F}_3\).
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