A note on convexity of sections of quaternionic numerical range

Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Matrices over special rings (quaternions, finite fields, etc.) (15B33) Numerical range, numerical radius (47A12) Norms (inequalities, more than one norm, etc.) of linear operators (47A30)

Abstract: The quaternionic numerical range of matrices over the ring of quaternions is not necessarily convex. We prove Toeplitz-Hausdorff like theorem, that is, for any given quaternionic matrix every section of its quaternionic numerical range is convex. We provide some additional equivalent conditions for the quaternionic numerical range of matrices over quaternions to be convex and prove some numerical radius inequalities.

Review text

In analogy to the usual numerical range of linear operators on a Hilbert space, the numerical range for \(n\times n\) quaternionic matrices is defined as \(W_{\mathbb H}(A) = \{ \langle AX, X\rangle : X\in \mathbb H^n, \|X\| = 1 \}\). By the well-known Toeplitz-Hausdorff theorem, the numerical range of a complex matrix is convex. However, this is not true in the quaternionic case and the author gives examples of \(A\in M(n\times n, \mathbb H)\) whose numerical range is not convex. He proves that for every imaginary unit \(m\) the section \(W_{\mathbb H}(A)\cap \mathbb C^+_m\) is convex, where \(\mathbb C_m^+ = \{ \alpha + \beta m : \alpha\in\mathbb R, \beta > 0\}\). He also shows that \(W_{\mathbb H}(A)\) is convex if and only if its projection on \(\mathbb C\) coincides with its intersection with \(\mathbb C\). As a corollary it follows that the numerical range of a selfadjoint quaternionic matrix is convex. Finally, the author gives upper and lower bounds for the numerical radius \(w_{\mathbb H}(A) := \sup \{ |q| : q\in W_{\mathbb H}(A)\}\). In particular he shows that \(w_{\mathbb H}\) is a norm on \(M(n\times n,\mathbb H)\) which is equivalent to the operator norm.

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