Quaternionic Numerical Range and Real Subspaces
Let \({\mathcal R}\), \({\mathcal C}\) and \({\mathcal Q}\) be, respectively, the field of real numbers, the field of complex numbers and the skew field of real quaternions with the usual basis \(\{1,i,j,k\}\). For any \(q=a_0+a_1 i+a_2j+ a_3k\in {\mathcal Q}\), define \(\Re (q)=a_0\), \(\Im (q)=a_1i+ a_2j+a_3k\), \(\overline q=a_0-a_1 i-a_2j-a_3k\). For \(q_1,q_2\in {\mathcal Q}\) define \(\langle q_1, q_2\rangle= \Re (q_1\overline q_2)\). Then \({\mathcal Q}\) is a real inner product space, and \({\mathcal R}\) and \({\mathcal C}\) are subspaces of \({\mathcal Q}\). For an \(n\times n\) matrix \(A\) over \({\mathcal Q}\) define the numerical range of \(A\) by \(W(A)= \{v^*Av: v\in {\mathcal Q}^n\) and \(v^*v=1\}\), where * means the transpose conjugate. Then \(W(A)\) is connected and compact, but may not be convex even for a normal matrix \(A\). If \(V\) is a real subspace of \({\mathcal Q}\), let \(W_V(A)\) be the projection of \(W(A)\) on \(V\). If \(W(A)\) is convex, then \(V\cap W(A)\) is convex and \(V\cap W(A)\subset W_V(A)\). The purpose of the present paper is to study the convexity of \(W(A)\). The main results proved seem to be the following. Let \(V\) be a real subspace containing \({\mathcal R}\) as a proper subspace. Then \(W(A)\) is convex if and only if \(V\cap W(A)\) is convex. If in addition, \(V\neq{\mathcal Q}\), then \(W(A)\) is convex if and only if \(V\cap W(A)= W_V (A)\). Finally, if \(V\) is a proper real subspace, then \(W(A)\) is convex if and only if \(V\cap W(A)\) is convex for all \(n\times n\) matrices over \({\mathcal Q}\) precisely when \(V\) contains \({\mathcal R}\) as a proper subspace.
- On quaternionic numerical ranges with respect to nonstandard involutions
- On the boundedness of quaternionic numerical ranges with respect to nonstandard involutions
- A bridge between quaternionic and complex numerical ranges
- Some results on the k-numerical range of quaternion matrices
- Decompositions of some types of quaternionic matrices
- Joint matricial range and joint congruence matricial range of operators
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